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fading, dissolving, scrolling and traveling, without any apparent adverse <br />effect on traffic safety. <br />Regulation of Electronic Signs <br />The history of the regulation of electronic signs has been largely marked by polar <br />extremes in regulation. A number of zoning and sign codes have treated such <br />signs as any other sign, with no special regulations. Others have attempted to <br />prohibit their use in the entirety, largely out of concerns for traffic safety, and in <br />some cases in the stated interest of aesthetics. <br />For the reasons stated above, the traffic safety concerns have been largely <br />_ _ __ <br />unfounded. In decades of use and intense scrutiny, no definitive relationship <br />between electronic signs and traffic accidents has been established. In fact, some <br />studies have suggested that animated electronic signs may help keep the driver <br />whose mind has begun to wander re-focused on the visual environment in and <br />around the roadway. No studies support the notion that an electronic sign with a <br />static display has a visual impact, from either a traffic safety or aesthetic impact, <br />different from that of any other illuminated sign. <br />Despite this, the fear of negative impact from potentially distracting signs has in <br />the past motivated some communities to attempt to prohibit electronic signs <br />altogether. Two common approaches have been to prohibit sign "animation" and <br />the "intermittent illumination" of electronic signs: Both approaches have had their <br />limitations. <br />Electronic signs that are computer-controlled often have the capability to be <br />displayed with a multitude of operational characteristics, many of which fall within <br />the typical definition of "animation." However, static display techniques are quite <br />commonplace with electronic signs, and the cost of using electronics in relatively <br />typical sign applications has become more affordable. The programming of an <br />electronic sign to utilize static displays only is simple and straightforward, yet <br />probably overkill in the legal and practical sense. <br />'Nonetheless, out of fear that the programming may be changed to animation <br />after a sign is permitted and operational, some local regulators have attempted. to <br />take the position that LED and other electronic signs are prohibited altogether. <br />This position is unsound. There is no legal basis to deny astatic-display electronic <br />sign, as it is legally indistinguishable from any other illuminated sign. We don't <br />_. _. _ . <br />pro i it car usage merely because the cars are designed so that they can exceed <br />the speed limit; we issue a ticket to the driver if they do exceed the speed limit. <br />Likewise, if a sign owner actually violates the zoning or sign code, the remedy is to <br />cite them for the violation, not to presume that they will do so and refuse to issue <br />2s- 9 <br />