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History of racially restrictive covenants <br />Evolved in response to the 1917 court ruling (Buchanan v. Warley ) that <br />declared municipally mandated racial zoning unconstitutional. <br />Encouraged by federal government’s practice of “redlining” in its <br />underwriting of federally funded home loans. <br />Became so socially acceptable that in “1937 a leading magazine of <br />nationwide circulation awarded 10 communities a ‘shield of honor’ for an <br />umbrella of restrictions against the ‘wrong kind of people.’ <br />The practice was so widespread that by 1940, 80% of property in Chicago <br />and Los Angeles carried restrictive covenants barring black families.