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Distortion <br />Shoving or rippling is surfacing material displaced crossways to the direction of traffic. It can develop into <br />washboarding when the asphalt mixture is unstable because of poor quality aggregate or improper mix <br />design. Repair by milling smooth and overlaying with stable asphalt mix. <br />Other pavement distortions may be caused by settling, frost heave, etc. Patching may provide temporary <br />repair. Permanent correction usually involves removal of unsuitable subgrade material and reconstruction. <br />Rippling and <br />shoving <br />Heavy traffic has <br />shoved pavement <br />into washboard <br />ripples and bumps <br />Settling <br />Poor <br />compaction <br />caused settling <br />over a culvert <br />Frost heave <br />Localized heave — <br />probably boulder <br />pushing upward <br />Page 41 <br />