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Page 4 of 6 755 N.W.2d 1, *2; 2008 Minn, LEXIS 417, **3 City of Duluth . has never . taken steps to develop the platted 40th Street [e]orridor easement as a public street or thoroughfare," Michael and Deborah Bolen own Lots 11 and 24 of Block 1; the lots form 40th Street's northwestern border. Lot 11 is on the Lake Superior side of the block, and Lot 24 is on the Minnesota Avenue side, Joseph Zajac owns Lot 15 of Block 2; the lot adjoins Minnesota Avenue and the southeastern border of 40th Street. Zajac uses 40th Street to access his garage, which stands on the northern corner of Lot 15 and extends slightly onto 40th Street. Todd Glass owns an L-shaped parcel in Block 2 consisting of Lots 1, 2, and 16. Lot 1 adjoins the southeastern border of 40th Street between Lot 15 and Lake Superior, Lot 2 is directly southeast of Lot 1 along Lake Superior, and Lot 16 is between Minnesota Avenue and Lot 2. A small white house formerly stood on Lot 1, but it was torn down before Glass purchased the property in 1998, Glass's NI house and garage I**4] are located on Lots 2 and 16, respectively. 2 The Bolens and Zajac have sought to maintain exclusive use of the part of 40th Street between Lots 24 and 15, On November 3, 2003, they entered into a property agreement memorializing their understanding of their rights regarding 40th Street, The agreement (1) recited that the parties were the fee owners to the centerline of the parts of 40th Street adjoining their properties, subject to the right of the City to develop the street; (2) stated that the agreement was recorded to give notice of the parties' withdrawal of permission for anyone else to use 40th Street; and (3) prohibited either party from giving anyone permission to use 40th Street without the prior consent of both parties. Additionally, Zajac installed a short fence. across 40th Street. toward the rear of Lots 24 and 15, with the consent of Michael Bolen, Michael Bolen testified that he and Zajac entered into the property agreement and installed the fence "because it had become dear to us that Mr. 1w*51 Glass, by his actions and his statements, wanted to use the 40th Street easement as u driveway," In February 2005, Glass applied to the City of Duluth for a building permit to construct a new garage where the small white house once stood on Lot 1. Glass planned to remodel his home and intended to access it via 40th Street, Michael Metso testified that a series of discussions, reviews, meetings, and site visits ensued, and Glass testified that his contractor informed him that the City had rejected his application because there was inadequate legal access to his property. In the spring of 2005, Glass applied for a private improvement permit authorizing him to add gravel to 40th Street. Metso subsequently informed Glass that the "consensus of all involved" in reviewing Glass's building permit application and private improvement application was that Glass had the right to use 40th Street to access his property and that he would be permitted to make specific _improvements so that he could use 40th Street. On June 14, 2005, the City of Duluth Engineering Division issued a permit for the construction of "private improvements within the platted right-of-way of 40th StIreed South to provide access 1**61 to the driveway to Lot 1," Glass cut down the fence that Zajac had installed across 40th Street. and, on June 16, a contractor hired by Glass deposited and spread gravel on 40th Street, Michael Bolen testified that the gravel spread on 40th Street extends approximately 20 feet onto parts of the street where he and Zajac own the underlying fee. Bolen also testified that 40th Street now looks like an actual street and that the "fairly abrupt drop" of 40th Street was "smoothed out by the addition of [the] gravel." Likewise, Zajac testified that 40th Street now "looks like it could be public access to the lake or a public access to a boat ramp." On June 16, 2005, the same day that the gravel was spread on 40th Street, the Bolens sued Glass in Si. Louis County District Court, alleging trespass and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. The Bolens also appeared before the district court that day, seeking a temporary restraining order enjoining Glass from constructing the driveway. The court granted the Bolens' request for a restraining order and directed them to amend their complaint to ["41 add the City of Duluth as a party to the action. Following a bench trial, the district court ruled in 1**71 favor of the Bolens and Zajac, concluding that the City had 2 A map of the parties' lots is reproduced in the appendix accompanying this opinion. The map, which was introduced as an exhibit at trial, is provided for illustrative purposes only. The Bolens had moved the district court for an order adding Zajac as a plaintiff in the case. The court found that Zajac "is a vital, indispensable party herein" and ordered that he "be named as a plaintiff." The court's order that Zajac be added as a plaintiff is not challenged here. MARTIN NORDER