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<br />designs (traffic minicircles, diagonal diverters). Note that some of these traffic-calming measures may <br />not be appropriate on major collector or arterial streets. <br /> <br /> <br />Figure 36. Raised crosswalks can control vehicle <br />speeds on local streets at pedestrian crossings. <br /> <br />• Providing adequate nighttime lighting for pedestrians (figure 37). Adequate nighttime lighting should <br />be provided at marked crosswalks and areas near churches, schools, and community centers with <br />nighttime pedestrian activity. <br /> <br /> Figure 37. Adequate lighting can improve pedestrian safety at night. <br /> <br />• Designing safer intersections for pedestrians (e.g., crossing islands, tighter turn radii). <br /> <br />• Providing narrower widths and/or access management (e.g., consolidation of driveways). <br /> <br />• Constructing grade-separated crossings or pedestrian-only streets (see figure 38). Grade-separated <br />crossings are very expensive and should only be considered in extreme situations, such as where <br />pedestrian crossings are essential (e.g., school children need to cross a six-lane arterial street), street- <br />crossing at-grade is not feasible for pedestrians, and no other measures are considered to be <br /> 57