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3 <br /> <br />CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SEARCH <br />Nationally there were 7,140 pedestrian and bicycle fatalities in 2018, which was a 3.6-percent increase <br />from the 6,881 pedestrian and bicycle fatalities in 2017. In 2018, nationally, 19.5 percent of all traffic <br />fatalities were pedestrians or bicyclists. Minnesota pedestrian fatalities in the same year comprised <br />11.8 percent of all fatalities in the state, slightly better than the national percentage (1). Because of the <br />increase in pedestrian crashes over the years and the demand for pedestrian facilities have increased, <br />crosswalks and treatments have been studied and policies/practices have been implemented by <br />multiple agencies with a focus on determining when an uncontrolled crosswalk should be treated and <br />how. <br />2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW <br />The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and several agencies across the United States have <br />conducted studies and adopted practices and policies to address uncontrolled crosswalks. Most of <br />these policies are based on Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) and/or pedestrian volumes at an <br />intersection. <br />2.1.1 2019 Minnesota State Statute 169.011 Definitions and 169.21 Pedestrian and <br />2.1.1.1 169.011 Definitions <br />Subd. 20.Crosswalk. <br />"Crosswalk" means (1) that portion of a roadway ordinarily included with the prolongation or <br />connection of the lateral lines of sidewalks at intersections; (2) any portion of a roadway distinctly <br />indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface. <br /> <br />Subd. 53.Pedestrian. <br />"Pedestrian" means any person afoot or in a wheelchair. <br /> <br />Subd. 68.Roadway. <br />"Roadway" means that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, <br />exclusive of the sidewalk or shoulder. During periods when the commissioner allows the use of dynamic <br />shoulder lanes as defined in subdivision 25, roadway includes that shoulder. In the event a highway <br />includes two or more separate roadways, the term "roadway" as used herein shall refer to any such <br />roadway separately but not to all such roadways collectively. <br />2.1.1.2 169.21 Pedestrian <br /> Subdivision 1 - Obey traffic-control signals. Pedestrians shall be subject to traffic-control signals <br />at intersections as heretofore declared in this chapter, but at all other places pedestrians shall <br />be accorded the privileges and shall be subject to the restrictions stated in this section and <br />section 169.22.