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<br /> iii <br />TABLE OF CONTENTS <br /> <br />Page <br /> <br />CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1 <br />HOW TO USE THIS STUDY ..................................................................................................................1 <br />WHAT IS THE LEGAL DEFINITION OF A CROSSWALK?..............................................................2 <br />Why Are Marked Crosswalks Controversial?......................................................................................3 <br />Where Are Crosswalks Typically Installed?.........................................................................................3 <br />STUDY PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................4 <br />PAST RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................................4 <br />Crash Studies ........................................................................................................................................4 <br />Behavioral Studies Related to Marked Crosswalks ..............................................................................8 <br />Behavioral Studies Related to Crosswalk Signs and Other Treatments ...............................................9 <br /> <br />CHAPTER 2. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY .........................................13 <br />STATISTICAL ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................15 <br />Analysis Approach ..............................................................................................................................15 <br />Statistical Techniques .........................................................................................................................16 <br />Estimation of Daily Pedestrian Volume .............................................................................................17 <br />Calculation of Pedestrian Crash Rates ................................................................................................17 <br />Determination of Crash-Related Variables .........................................................................................17 <br />Comparisons of Pedestrian Age Distribution Effects .........................................................................24 <br />COMPARISONS OF CROSSWALK CONDITIONS ...........................................................................25 <br />Pedestrian Crash Severity on Marked and Unmarked Crosswalks .....................................................25 <br />FINAL PEDESTRIAN CRASH PREDICTION MODEL .....................................................................25 <br />Pedestrian Crash Plots ........................................................................................................................27 <br /> <br />CHAPTER 3. STUDY RESULTS .............................................................................................................35 <br />SIGNIFICANT VARIABLES ................................................................................................................35 <br />MARKED AND UNMARKED CROSSWALK COMPARISONS .......................................................36 <br />CRASH TYPES ......................................................................................................................................39 <br />CRASH SEVERITY ...............................................................................................................................43 <br />LIGHTING AND TIME OF DAY .........................................................................................................44 <br />AGE EFFECTS .......................................................................................................................................46 <br />DRIVER AND PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOR AT CROSSWALKS .......................................................49 <br /> <br />CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................49 <br />GUIDELINES FOR CROSSWALK INSTALLATION.........................................................................51 <br />GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ..........................................................................................52 <br />POSSIBLE MEASURES TO HELP PEDESTRIANS ...........................................................................55 <br />OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................60 <br />Distance of Marked Crosswalks from Signalized Intersections .........................................................60 <br />Alternative Treatments .......................................................................................................................61 <br /> <br />APPENDIX A. DETAILS OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS .........................................................63 <br />STEP 1—INVENTORY CROSSWALKS AND CONTROL SITES ....................................................63 <br />STEP 2—RECORD DATA ON INVENTORY SHEETS .....................................................................63 <br />Location Description...........................................................................................................................63 <br />Number of Lanes ................................................................................................................................63 <br />Median Type.......................................................................................................................................63