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9 Finally, Van Houten studied factors that might cause motorists to yield for pedestrians in marked crosswalks.(15) He measured several behaviors at intersections in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, where interventions were introduced sequentially to increase the “vividness” of crosswalks. Researchers added signs, then a stop line, and then amber lights activated by pedestrians and displayed to motorists. The percentage of vehicles stopping when they should increased by up to 50 percent. Conflicts dropped from 50 percent to about 10 percent at one intersection, and from 50 percent to about 25 percent at another. The number of motorists who yielded increased from about 25 percent to 40 percent at one intersection, and from about 35 percent to about 45 percent at another.(15) Behavioral Studies Related to Crosswalk Signs and Other Treatments The preceding discussion of the literature has dealt primarily with the safety and behavioral effects of marked versus unmarked crosswalks at uncontrolled intersections. Of course, a wide variety of supplemental measures have been used with or without marked crosswalks at pedestrian crossing locations in the United States. Examples of these treatments include: • Pedestrian warning signs on the approach and/or at the crossing. • Advance stop lines with supplemental signs (e.g., “Stop Here for Crosswalk”). • Rumble strips on the approaches to the crosswalk. • Pedestrian crossing pavement stencils on the approach to the crosswalk. • In-pavement flashing lights (activated by push-button or by automatic pedestrian detectors). • Flashing beacons. • Variations of overhead pedestrian crosswalk signs. Such signs may be warning or regulatory and may be illuminated and/or convey a message when activated (examples of such signs are shown in figures 5–10). • Crosswalk lighting. • Raised medians or refuge islands. • Flat-topped speed humps (sometimes called speed tables) where pedestrians may cross the street on the raised flat top. • Traffic-calming measures such as curb extensions and lane reductions. • Various combinations of these and other measures. • Traffic signals (with pedestrian signals) are sometimes added at pedestrian crossings when warranted. Numerous research studies have been conducted in the United States and abroad in recent years to evaluate such treatments and/or to summarize research results. Some of these include: • A Review of Pedestrian Safety Research in the United States and Abroad.(16) • Pedestrian Safety in Sweden (www.walkinginfo.org/rd/international.htm).(17)