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<br />a negative measure that will necessarily increase pedestrian crashes. Marked crosswalks are appropriate <br />at some locations (e.g., at selected low-speed, two-lane streets at downtown crossing locations) to help <br />channel pedestrians to preferred crossing locations, but other roadway improvements are also necessary <br />(e.g., raised medians, traffic-calming treatments, traffic and pedestrian signals when warranted, or other <br />substantial crossing improvement) when used at other locations. The guidelines presented in table 11 are <br />intended to provide guidance for installing marked crosswalks and other pedestrian crossing facilities. <br /> <br />Note that speed limit was used in table 11 in addition to ADT, number of lanes, and presence of a median. <br />In developing the table, roads with higher speed limits (higher than 64.4 km/h (40 mi/h)) were considered <br />to be inappropriate for adding marked crosswalks alone. This is because virtually no uncontrolled, <br />marked crosswalk sites where speed limits exceed 64.4 km/h (40 mi/h) were found in the 30 U.S. cities <br />used in this study. Thus, these types of high-speed, uncontrolled marked crosswalks could not be <br />included in the analysis. Also, high-speed roadways present added problems for pedestrians and thus <br />require more substantial treatments in many cases. That may be why Germany, Finland, and Norway do <br />not allow uncontrolled crosswalks on roads with high speed limits.(30) <br /> <br />For three-lane roads, adding marked crosswalks alone (without other substantial treatments) is generally <br />not recommended for ADTs greater than 12,000, although exceptions may be allowed under certain <br />conditions (e.g., lower speed limits). <br /> <br />If nothing else is done beyond marking crosswalks at an uncontrolled location, pedestrians will not <br />experience increased safety (under any situations included in the analysis). This finding is in some ways <br />consistent with the companion study by Knoblauch et al. that found that marking a crosswalk would not <br />necessarily increase the number of motorists that will stop or yield to pedestrians.(13) Research from <br />Europe shows the need for pedestrian improvements beyond uncontrolled crosswalks.(17,21) <br /> <br />53