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SENT BYTPRA SI.Paul, MN ?-99 ; 9:36AM ; 612 227 5�` 612 407 4191;#13 &BS•= L. ARNOLD, JR. AND C. JAMPS GIBBONS FIGURE 6. Sunken vegetated parking lot "islands- into pr and ueyr runaflf Sauna: John Alevopoulos, University of Connecticut growth around existing centers. They concluded that for these communities, the less consumptive pattern resulted in savings of $28.8 million in local road costs, $9.1 million in annual wacer treatment costs, $8.3 mil- lion in annual sewer treatment costs, as well as an 8.4% reduction in overall housing costs, and a 6.9% savings in annual costs of local public -sector services (Bur- chell, Dolphin, and Moskowitz 1995). The Use of Imperviousness for Regulation Planning approaches at the community and site level can be complemented with specific applications that give regulatory teeth to planning objectives. To .begin with, planners can revisit their current zoning and subdivision requirements with an eye to impervi- ousness. For instance, many lot coverage limits, partic- ularly for residential uses, refer to rooftops but do nor include parking space, sidewalks, and driveway cov- erage. Impervious cover lends irself well to zoning that uses performance standards. In fact, Kendig (1980) de- fines performance zoning as char which regulates de- vclopment an the basis of four fundamental measures of land -use intensity, one of which is the impervious surface ratio. JaiFe (1993), in a critical assessment of performance -based zoning, concludes that "Kendig's recreational and impervious surface ratios are espe- 2$4 APAJOURNAL•SPR7NG J996 cially cffecrive in achieving local environmental object rives for stormwacer management and groundwater recharge." Performance zoning has the added effect of encouraging mixed uses, which generally result in less impervious coverage and less pollution, by reducing roads and vehicle traffic. Community -wide applications encompassing large areas with varied land use will require sliding scales of impervious coverage limits that depend an the location, size, and type of use. Such standards have been in place in some Florida communities for almost a decade (American Planning Association Zoning News I989), More recently, ordinances limiting imper- vious cover have been enacted in Austin and San Anto- nio, Texas, driven by concern about pollution of the area's major drinking water aquifer (City of Austin 1992; City of San Antonio 1995). In instances where protection of a particularly im- portant resource is desired, strict limits on impervious coverage may be imposed. Such is the case in Bruns- wick, Maine, where a "coastal protection" zone was created for areas draining to Maquoic Bay, sire of shell- fish beds critically important to the town. The special zone has certain stringent performance standards, among them a maximum impervious -surface loc cov- erage of 5%. This coverage includes '.. , buildings, roads, driveways, parking areas, parics, and other sirni-