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• Pre-qualifying the financial institutions, broker/dealers, intermediaries, and advisers with which <br />the City will do business in accordance with Section V <br />• Diversifying the investment portfolio so that the impact of potential losses from any one type of <br />security or from any one individual issuer will be minimized. <br /> <br />b. Interest Rate Risk <br />The City will minimize interest rate risk, which is the risk that the market value of securities in the <br />portfolio will fall due to changes in market interest rates, by: <br />• Structuring the investment portfolio so that securities mature to meet cash requirements for <br />ongoing operations, thereby avoiding the need to sell securities on the open market prior to <br />maturity <br />• Investing operating funds primarily in shorter-term securities, money market mutual funds, or <br />similar investment pools and limiting the average maturity of the portfolio in accordance with this <br />policy (see section VIII). <br /> <br />2. Liquidity <br />The investment portfolio shall remain sufficiently liquid to meet all operating requirements that may <br />be reasonably anticipated. This is accomplished by structuring the portfolio so that securities mature <br />concurrent with cash needs to meet anticipated demands (static liquidity). Furthermore, since all <br />possible cash demands cannot be anticipated, the portfolio should consist largely of securities with <br />active secondary or resale markets (dynamic liquidity). Alternatively, a portion of the portfolio may <br />be placed in money market mutual funds or local government investment pools, which offer same-day <br />liquidity for short-term funds. <br /> <br />3. Yield <br />The investment portfolio shall be designed with the objective of attaining a market rate of return <br />throughout budgetary and economic cycles, taking into account the investment risk constraints and <br />liquidity needs. Return on investment is of secondary importance compared to the safety and liquidity <br />objectives described above. The core of investments are limited to relatively low risk securities in <br />anticipation of earning a fair return relative to the risk being assumed. Securities shall generally be <br />held until maturity with the following exceptions: <br />• A security with declining credit may be sold early to minimize loss of principal. <br />• A security swap would improve the quality, yield, or target duration in the portfolio. <br />• Liquidity needs of the portfolio require that the security be sold. <br /> <br /> <br />IV. Standards of Care <br /> <br />1. Prudence <br />The standard of prudence to be used by the Treasurer investment officials shall be the "prudent <br />person" standard and shall be applied in the context of managing an overall portfolio. The Treasurer <br />Investment officers acting in accordance with written procedures and this investment policy and <br />exercising due diligence shall be relieved of personal responsibility for an individual security's credit <br />risk or market price changes, provided deviations from expectations are reported in a timely fashion <br />and the liquidity and the sale of securities are carried out in accordance with the terms of this policy. <br /> <br />The "prudent person" standard states that, "Investments shall be made with judgment and care, under <br />circumstances then prevailing, which persons of prudence, discretion and intelligence exercise in the <br />management of their own affairs, not for speculation, but for investment, considering the probable <br />safety of their capital as well as the probable income to be derived."