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There may be some variations that increase or decrease the potential impacts. The report from the University of Michigan also shows that repeated starting and stopping (especially stopping) will increase the damage to streets by 50% to 100% depending on the speed of the truck and the weight of the load being carried. Garbage trucks with few stops on a block tend to be traveling faster when they begin stopping. Improvements in the design of garbage trucks mitigate some of the impacts. Automated trucks loading from the side should distribute weight more evenly than rear -loaded trucks thereby reducing the impact of the rear axles. In addition, trucks with additional axles help distribute weight. An engineering firm (URS) prepared a memorandum for the city of Arden Hills in their review of potential organized collection. The memorandum noted that in Arden Hills, a 9-ton pavement design is used for residential streets to account for heavier vehicles such as delivery trucks, buses, and garbage trucks.32 The memorandum noted that the main causes for deterioration of bituminous pavement over its life span are the strength and stability of the pavement base, traffic volumes, type of traffic and environmental factors such as water, temperature, sun, and pollutants. The memorandum concluded that: "Although vehicle types and loading contribute to the wear of the pavement section, environmental factors also contribute to the deterioration of the pavement section. A properly designed bituminous surface should be able to handle the traffic loading over its design life including heavy truck loadings experienced in Arden Hills. Reducing the number of heavy truck loadings should have positive effects on the lifespan and quality of local streets however, environmental factors are generally responsible for the majority of pavement wear and deterioration for Arden Hills streets and therefore significant extensions of pavement life are unlikely. " The potential economic impact of the road maintenance costs has been estimated by some city officials. The city of Roseville estimated the cost to reconstruct one mile of 7-ton street at approximately $500,000. The engineer believes Roseville streets would last an estimated five (5) to ten (10) years longer if garbage truck traffic was limited. The reduced road maintenance was estimated to potentially save the typical homeowner $20 to $40 per year.33 With 9,400 single family households, this represents a savings of $188,000 to $376,000 per year for the city of Roseville. The city of Oakdale has estimated that going from five (5) haulers to one hauler would conservatively represent a little over 4% annual street maintenance cost savings. With the City averaging $3 million for annual road maintenance, the City estimates the savings at a minimum of $120,000 to over $300,000 per year in long term maintenance costs. 32 Landwer, Nick, P.E. 2005. "Memorandum to Murtuza Dissiqui, City of Arden Hills." URS. Minneapolis MN. 33 "City of Roseville, Solid Waste and Recycling Report" 2002. Residential Solid Waste and Recycling Advisory Committee. City of Roseville, Minnesota. 40 •Foth Infrastructure & Environment, LLC R - Analysis of Waste Collection Service Arrangements.doc June 2009