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access these loans, which were a key moment for white Americans to gain a foothold on the ladder of home ownership. Covenants ebb and flow with these cycles of residential real estate development. With respect to Mounds View, we have not done specific research. This would be a great potential project for the city to dig into, Who are the sellers and developers who put in these covenants? Did the city council or planning board require or discuss racial covenants in its meetings from this time? Cities like Golden Valley have investigated this question and found that their city officials in the 1940s both approved and encouraged the use of racial covenants. 3. 1 live in Blaine, Anoka County which your project shows very few — curiosity — is that a simple math equation of more time is needed? We are still working on Anoka County, so we may see more covenants emerge there. Again, the likelihood of finding covenants is first and foremost related to the dates when major residential development was occurring. You may have a better understanding of the chronology in Blaine than we do, and we would love to hear any insight you might have. Also, it's important to note that an absence of covenants does not mean that an area was free of racial discrimination. Neighborhoods like Mac- Groveland in St. Paul and Linden Hills in Minneapolis don't have as many covenants as you might expect for the time period of their development. But instead they have a history of racial violence directed against Black people trying to move into the neighborhood, which made racial covenants less necessary. Racial covenants are just one technology in a long line of techniques used to segregate Minnesota and the rest of the country, and should always be considered as part of that ecosystem, which includes racial violence, redlining, exclusionary zoning, mortgage discrimination, real estate steering, freeway displacement, and urban renewal, to name a few.