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HomeMy WebLinkAboutOrdinance 012 .,~ ro.rW 0;' h'OtmD"J VIEW ccmm OF RAMSEY ,; .......,;,;!jft .......... .t~....., ". .: f~~~ :~ '. ~TA TE 0F "'~~'!~~':n1':-. . ORDI N.A.i'i~E H(}. /'4' AN ORDINA~E REGUlATING lllID PROVIDING FOR THE INS~CTION OIe' THE INS1'ALLA nON ANDMAINTE;{'LNCE IN ptTIIDING OF EU;(, rnIC WIRING E~ ...........'...,.. "'R.I1.....'.'. HID r,'1'lN''1'1'JTr M^ 'T'Ii'UT ^ T, ~R~A '1'TI.!(: ".rr.~ ""~k'rc.. (l 'i"L- ~41."""'V ~...,v VJ:A.I.lU1 ~~4V"'...~"",,_ .....---..-J _...__...._..... _....n.. .. .~."" .U . tr.c'l'RICAL INSPEC'IOR, ANDFIZ:WG '!HE PEN.~L'l'Y FeR 'I)IE \'TOIATforl'!HEREOF. ".s.t.: , : ~ '.-1 '\J~ '. ,.".-; t"-;. ,. i...., '1'1-.0 'r'V"nT. Dvard c,f tfour:~ Vi~... 'r~Rhi p does he: eby ordain as i"olloW~': .. , ; '~'i.,": .' :).~ .: ~ ~. , ...~ ?ection 1. Electr1c!l.L .Lnspec'tior. 111ert:l 1..8 h~J:''''U'y ...._.,L. .'1 ..a....._ ......._.. ...iI....._ \,;J. 'Ud. &Ic:\.4 ....M;,; i-'.......,~ ~~IooI... ,~ or:,;;Z::! electrical iropector who st-.all be appointed by the Tr.r.m Board. The parson uppointed to said posi tivn shaU be a co!!!peijcnt electrician who shall haVe had '.'~ .... '. ;.;..::..r ~.... at least two years' experience as a . , tHO years' train:tne in a recor,nizeJ. college of ele~~rical engineering, s!iall .' ..,:; '.' .~ ..' .. be well verseu iu &IJiJl'OVti:J me tIled:.; of ~lec tric20l cons true tion forsa.fet:ro! " I . ~.' .: '. .i ....... . .-.5..... .' . , " .. . :.',...i;.... Ufe ani propE!rty, the statutes of the state of Minnesota relati."1g to electric:";,;l~~ ., . ::':i~2 ." 201 work" the rules an<:!. regula ticns i~sued 'rty the Industrial Co!!IMission of . z.uthorit'! of the statutes, tho Natioml 'Elec~:.rical Code, as approved by';,the Minnesota and the Railroad and iiarehome CoJ'lllT\:i~~ion of Mi7'.nesota u.~er ... Code, a3 app:'oved by the Americ~u.i Engi:nearing Standards Committee.' Section 2. Salary and Dutia:; of ~lectrica1Inspector. Said ele~tr:tcal ~ ....,..~- . . ..... .:. " inspector shall rec':!i vc as compensation for his r,ervice::; G1i'I?-"a~ 91'..t;fte :fees collec tad for electrical inspection, and he shall mt er..~aga in t.he busi.~ss .. ,::.~';~ ~','.fl~ . . ":~~:. i . ~.:.~~.{ .p; .American Er--l;ineering .st.an(lard.~ COlTlllli:l:.tee, am the National Electrical- safetY' .. : of the imtallat10n and the maintenance of el"ctric wiring" electric dev1ges >...~' am electrical ll".ator1al ei tller d1rectJ,y or indirectly ~n this T<Mnam l"~,;'. . . '. . i . shall havo no iiIiancial intol'est in 4zvconcern engaged in s".ch business 'in ... t.his Town. Section 3. Impaction. The electrical in:.pcctor shall make a inspection of the installation in b"ildinesof all electric wiring" electric devices and electric Dl1 terials now installed or that may be herea!ter . .;..t~'f:; .'.'..... . . '/~' '..~ ! " ,., :1. . I; . ..., ""=. ....::'.;."..,..,,:.. '" . :'. :........~. ;~:..:. :r' . .:;:.:.,::':~;'"..~~ ',\ /' .; " /':'1 ""\'~... : I i.~. . ~ ,. . so", (,.;0', ... . . ...... ~ ( . '. ,.,. . _.. ,. "'. . ';i::,~.:.'~':,,:~~~,.~::~;:::'~;.4:.:'~ .. '. ~. :-',: ;:i' ::-,~:: 5:~::;:;:":~i~i~ . .. -o.:.:..::~'~~~ in:Jt.nlled, within th1i; 1'uwrl, uai wheII Ui6 inntall..t t.ion or any such \.1%-'\ !"g, , -,.,-:"" " ,:i:+1 1e~'i~~:! ':'!" ~ t!:!!"i!!l :!~ ft:\'_~!Yi t.n ~o in A dlUlp.erOllfIJ or tJMAfn coOOi tion h. -, '"~l:.tj uiutil "'u t.1!'l thE; percon. :inn :;r uorpo1"a t10n o;.mir.g, ~ir.;, O?e~ t1~ or 00. :',~.z:1.;;';': ";:;:f~ '.',,-,.:'~ - ,.,..<~ . . .:.~-~~;~ - ,'.';jij '::~~".~,:U~ _lnstol1ir~ l.hfil Samu in wrHinp,w place; :,.';e; 1;~t"1.1L"1t1un or iOuchlo"1r1ng, , . .. . cu-.n.c:es and material in a sa!t;!conJ.it.1on ard i~ siibll 1ntne~utely pliicfI a ........-.:.;1:. :' ..~~:~~~:t notice in a conspicuoU9 plAce upon such dangerous or tUlDate wiring, ,devices _,. and material stating that said ldring, dences or material is ~U'lsal'e"m shall not be used unto!l it Is put in a sa,fe condition and therea.ft9rit shall '.:,,:~~~~ .,.~ '.~",~):f.~ .......~~ be t111lR1I.f',1 to WH~ said wiring, device3 ani nnterialuntil it has, been placed, in a sa.fe condit~.on arod hd~S ~en iru:J:;.;~1;ed by said inspector. . :: :~:~~J,: . ;( .)~ >;'~;1 Section 4.. Rightt.o Access to BuildirJgs. ". ...; "0'" .~~;J:~ ': ;~:.t~;: . ',. f ...., '.J:!; '. <.,.~.)~;j :, :.. ..':-' ,'-2 : .,': .+ ;~5.{ . .~, "~-:'>. _-".j.1'. Sa:!.d electrical inspector, ahall ~ve the r...;;ht durir.g ~easonnble hours toO enter arv building in the ':'liscmrgo of hisduUes, or for the purpose of makill(': ~ny ir.s!,9ction or. test' . ....}~..~i .,;.;'.'.:.;:~~ ot the installation of electric ldrii'l~, electric clevicesand electric m- .~'\';:; . . ... ..,,-?I~~ ter,til.l contained ther3in, :u~ shall h<:l.ve the authority to cause the turning-ctt:"'5i~ . /~~.?i} at all elet:tric CUIT(;nta nrxli cut ;md disconnect. in casas of energency-an:;r wire..~-:':::' where such electrical currents are dangerous to Jtfe or property cr JfI1ly"'{:f;~ interrore "Uh t.'.- wrk or ',he FL.'. De!'artoent.. ';;l~1 Se~tion 5. Permi~'3. No ~1tera tJons or addi tior.!l in t.he existir.p, vi~:, ,":,:';i-:!i - ....! ~ -,' . ..:,.;. .' . . :..':.::.:::~~~ .. ... or a~ buil~1ng :::lhnll he IMd~ norshaU any building 1~ .."ired tor the placing ... >:';J~ " ::.! ~~.'~ -'" '''ot aTf( electric lights, motors, heatir.g dances, or any :lpparatus requiring ," ,;.:t~ the use ot e1ec:t.rical cut"ren~, nor shall any alt.erations be mde in the w,..:~ :;,:;i~~ ;.,.. of ary bu1ldi~ nfter ,impec;t1on without first securing a, penrl.~theretor.,',' ;Ji;t~ .. . .. .. .' . - ' ":' .', }i~:!] ". except lll100r repair 'Work such as repairing !lush rod snap witCMS, rep1ac1nt:"~::':S;~ . ,.! ... . ". . : i':;Y~:;;~ tuses, ehanging lamp r.ocket~ and receptacles, taping bare joints AJY.lrepaJrl.ng;)';;'~'" ',' .' .~:::- drop cords. Applications f~r pemits shall be tiled with the Tow.:l C'.erk and- >"~.,,,~ , "'~X~ shall bEt accompanied by Q fee as tollt7WS I :, .,'::.":;~~~j~ ....: .:::::/!~ ,;:,j ...;~\:~.~ "'/~ ., .. '?i;[! _<::9t.1 ::+;jfb~ " , .1." ..'r' 'd.: tl.OO Jdn1Jnum for \10 to~ hea ters, rangos, ptlllP:!, Jld.lk1ng maeh1nee or anT major arpllance or add1t1o~1 circuits. .'. .' ., .,'.' :.--'.'. ! - 2 - J;:;;~; . ~~ -.. .. ~7 ....- . !". .~.'.i~.~'~- ,.:",::8~..i ..'-'<;)~~.~k~.~:~ ... ';;. ..'~:'. ..::>.j{::~~""iI~~ '>'.:~.....:t: ,.: ."""i": .. ,. ..;~"~).. . l?lt_OO S2.00 m1Ji.1.mu,''11 ('l'hi:J includes cl-.Arigfl of !Service and one cli'cuit- c:' tl.'o :dd1tionnl eircu1t.B on "1'1 exi3ting sernce.) 11.00 tn.oo ad.d1tionn.l for ~eh ad:i1tioMLcircuit, U 1Mpect1.on 1tJ Mde A t the S81l8 time as abeve. The tJPe of additional ci.:"cul t. l.rlStAllaticn r~Ulrln:; ~r~~etion1" tha ~ ..-hlch rGqui~c ft ~peci!!.l ci r~'lt t. hy re:JROn ot JOr."ld or haza..""<1 involved. ' ,. ',;,OJ ..~,[f,"~ . ':.~.;ou ,:r~ --::j:~i \i .7;.a; .. :~%l .~::~ '.'0"1':... .. .:...~ '. ..~~:f ~ .~: '..:;:::~ .'j' . _. .~,' . ,-:.'I!I,\ ....;,} ......f .~~~:~ .. .' . . $1.00 For th~ 1\ ltAra tion, roarrange1!W3nt arr~pair of exist:!.ng electrical --- , ':~;J.~ , ::::~~~ "I:. ::". .;";.!} ... ., . '::}~~ . . . . >. .~l' .:'.:'';;.:"1{., '~ Aj~ ..",>;;',;~ii .....)';;!~ ll~ 83.00 for any ~ddi tional outbuilding added to an existing inStal.... .....;'~ .JfI2+" __..... ---.A __ 1',.._ CJ"j,u..LY,I&U'IW v.. .-... ~the!' ~'A,.t.M~al work not 1~luded. in the ,,'lQve--$l.OOfor:, each one hurxlred dollnl"s ($lOO.OO) 01" traction thereof, ot the esti..m4ted cos t of the im talla t1on. i" (8) Certificate of Inspection is required on all irist.al:!a tiOIl.'J' of five . "... . ....,.. "..",..... ,.." (5) m" more currr:;nt eOllS';r'.:1ng outlets~ !3.0~ $3.00 ior lnstal~t~_nns requiring a 30 ampere service. '. la tlon wi to'! entrance service up to 60 a!"..peres, which 'Would inclu.i~ su~h a buiLling as a n:lw barn on a farill~tead already reco::l.ving electricserv1ce. tl.OO shall be ad.ded for each add1 tion."\l building, :l.i" im!lyect1on is made .... .. .. ehl)vp,. .~I"'. +.,","'00 ='~ .--.."" ...-.- ...- On speciaJ. occupancies, su.ch as resorts am r:l"Ci'.Ip housing urrler: omr' , ........ : . -~...1:< .~.-..;,.. ..: ~':~ '":-:;"'!( , ~..:.!~ ':';'.~ "">:'~::'~ . .:- ....,..r;~~ ,-,+,':;:.::;"j ~. ::~~~ , . ~: . : . :.~-;:~. .....:~;.f.:; '... .. ;~~ ()wrl31"ship, no one such inspect1('01 ~or additiona~wiring on existing inatalla-:. < <';. ~'?~ t.lons s haU P.lxceed $15.00. l~CO $5.00 for 1rotallations requ1rir.g 60 s~ere service. ~';' .50 $7.$0 for installations requiring 100 ampere ~erv1ce. ~lC.~ $10.00 min1Jr.um tor 200 ampere serVice, upt.o $500.00 worth' or electrical ;.'Ork. :a.oo additional tor each $250.00 or frac't,ion thereot" worth of work ~n exceSR of S500.00. t:,..~ . ... +:he PU!1-t05~ (.r ~Alr.~~J;lt.i"'l! inspection fees !)n this class of work" the value or l.1gh ting fixtures arrl fixed appliances smll not be included. . -.3 - " ',,:~~I : '~~\.0 , ;. ~.::'ri .,11 : " :.~t( .."Tf~ , ". .:.~ :"':d~ .... .r:' ",,',.1'" '~'/'!. if! ;J; . ',~, .,:.::.,,:.;~ ,. . ~'l:' .." . - n. . . . . .. " . . t- I! . ......~}:.:~;")}".:~...~ .: :"; ~'._.:..!:~:.~:.::::"~ -/;:~;:~lj : ,':;~1 .1. ":'.;~ ;'~,.f_c:.:-""iee::. .~er 200 ~";'~,re.l ~.t:L.!~!..!!!-'n~"'Jl.. h~ on the ':'~\~ ./;:3 ':11 . i'. seco~ry _~cc.._~ ..):.;~~ .' "" -'! .: ",!,,-;~ J' ,Or'" : : ""':\'I~~~ ~ (3) ;J..OO 1'01' t.M first. MrDep~er (il.T.), or frACf.l0l'1 tnorooi., for wirinr: for. in.stnlll~ an..1 coru""ctinl~ bleotric motorc. or o the!" ~pp!rot\1!! ~ tad in "0-" '~no' '0- f u \) ) u ... ....... ...& \ u..... . 101 10." for f";"l~h ten (10) horsepower (H.P.), or fraction therttOt, in 6XCeStl of two hun:ired (200) horsepower (H.P.). tn.~. ~n.OOminimUl:l for tho first k:Uo-volt. ampere (K.V.A.) !orthe .,. ldring r"r, i:1fltalling ard connect.ing t.ra:ri>forrr.or~ (for ll,~t, rf:intcr pOWer) igenarat.ors, hoating device3, )'E:ctificrr: or ot.her appqro liUs ra.~d1n wa:t.ts.",: 1Ot.10~ for each kilo-volt ampcrn (K.V.J..)caplci~,or fract1on",.t:.~Grt,l"0~, \ "..., ". . .' "..<:,<r .:::~;::::~{:~ .. ".'''~'~~ .' ~:. :.... -,,~ . ......::.~~':;f ;1n oxcess of one (1) but .lx>t to cxcet:J. ?ex.; ...il~"':olt. &.mpert's{K.V .J.).: . .. n. -'_. . .:......:..' ;~:\ ',if.~ '. '.. .":.:.;jJr , ';ti~i :,:);;;~I .J"-" ._..... '1 !Q! lO~ for each 10 kilo-volt ampere (I.V.A.) capacIty~ or fraction ithereof, ill excess of 200 kilo-volt a.'l1porcs (KSJ.). I (In detcrrrin,; thl3 am()\~r.t of the fens in this :;ubdi~dor... motor genetat.o~'.~:ll .): i :;hall (,e ra 1;ed according to the ra tad horsepow0r (H.f.) on t.hemotor onJ.3). · ::):'i~~i 75~ (b). 7~ for e..'u:h ten (10) current consuning outlets, or traction "':-::.,;'~;1j : thereof, (o1JUets~hall be construed 1'.1) ~ean any out.1:bt;", fc,r llght1ngri:x-:':':"~~l : t.ures, wr..ll rec(~ptac~..es or floor rec~pt<>cles '..there such receptaclet' are per- mit ted on brnnch Ugh 1;:1,11g c ircui ts ). '; .r~~ " ': ~"li'.:~'. "'''' . .. .; .~,~... .~ ....,.~. 291. (c) ~.;& fOl;" each ten (10) lampho1rlOl'":'; or fixtures or f'!'ac Uon tJ1ere-.. '. :.,' :,-!:, ';,>"",:. ... .,tJ :..:' .. of. usod for UghtiJus_ :'. '~": ,~~f. 5~ (d) l<~or eacn iDs ta:'..la tion for 'tho, wiring of each complete outline .., : i;;~ ':');::4 , ;, ~';t.~. .... ...... .:.~.~!t ,::.t~ ~.~." '. '. '; llltlt1~ (other than lmn1nouB tube lighting), marquise, st..ag.; bordf-...r, stage" . i footlight ~up, stage proceni\D!'l strip, or t~~c~!"y llg."-t:!.ng when r)f.lnraitted, : tile fCl: sot'.ll b':! ~ot for the f1rt>t ten (10) Mcket::!" or reccpt.4icles, 01' for .:.- .....; ;.;.'.... ; any fraction thereof, ~.f leaf. tM,n ten (1O)" including the inst..\11at~un ot ..- - 3: . :'~: ~uch nockots or ~eccp~~cleD. ,. i: - l~ - !: -'r..''': .. :."; :-~'".:""fji~~:';'~;f~-:~~~ , ...::'~'t?:;;~;tT~t~ ". ~. .\::,. ..., i;/:t~ ...,..;':';.".;;,f~ ;.: ." ': ';,?:~j :'.:+/&\~ Outlinft lir,hting shall be corwtrued to mGl\i'. thl!t dess of lighting ~od .',>'/;,';& :::?1fi~ ,! '.' . ~~ " Thi!: volt-nmpt'lre ra t.ir.g sr.~"lll be based on pric-.ary ct:'lTcmt ancl vOltAge.'.';',': .",:.~;,~~ $l.~ (e) For the alteration, roarrangement or repair of e)Cistin~ . .<'}}~; olectrlcal equi_nt or ~or o'hoc eleckic.l ",,~k not included in tl'e .hoVl',~" ,," ~ ::::: :: "; =::ta1:::. (~lOO.CO) o~ ~r.c tion ~reo~, o~the:, ,:'c';':fJ \-Jhero ~ combined certifica te of insr;cc t.:i.nn is issl.lGd for botb wiring :, :>);~~ .. . ~~.~.:.',~~f,-~ : ::. ~:.:.':.:.: ';,'-;-: '. :;:;~~~~;~ ". .~ ,,? ~~ ... }i~ . .':~ ~~ :;;. :~~~:t: Upon the fUin!'; of the appli~.t1on ar.d the payment o~ the i'ee7 a permit ...,;,:l,~l shall 1:0 iz:sued 'tl> tlle li.Fpl1.cant. , " :~~jf~ ~Ot 501 for tho nex t 'twen ty (20) :soc kut.s, or fraction tt.oreot. . 2Qt ~~ for tho next ioh~'~~ DO} socketn, or ii-action tooreoi:' . ~ ~ for iiI\)' fi tty '5') BOCke tB, or f..-ac tion thereot, in 8."tC.8Srt, ot the.:'irLl1.SUty (60) such sockete or racoptacJes. on the outside of buildings to lo~rk tho out-11r.eB thereof OJ t..'1e 'tu:c of incandesc~nt lamps. ~ $1.00 for unch ir~tal]""\ t10n f01' wirine for nnd/or installing ... ".'; .:!Pl.' 1Of. for each ar\Uitiona1 one hnrrlred (100) volt-aupcI'1es, over the tir:lt 500. .. ' . . . , " nrd fixt'Jres, the fee to be:. ch.'lrged on such certil'1cate shall equal ,the comb~..ned fees alJ sa t forth above. .. Section 6. C~rtif1cate of Inspection..!, Upon the eonr.~let10n 0: the cl~etr1cal work, it shall be the duty of the person, firm or corporation doing the 811me to not.ify the (l).flctrica1 inspector, who ShAll irio",pcet the irlllta11ation within l'orty-c1r.ht hours of th9 time such notice is given; and if it is found to ro fully in ComplilUlca with this ordinance ani does not . const1 tnta n h:uard to life and propert)., he shall issue a, certificate or insp&:'tion authorizir~ connection to the electrical service aoo the turning - ~ - :-':-::~;::.~~ . . "i<,~~ '.~~; -. ~.. " '..... ..,'. "1". ....,. '. ~\~~ .'. /";.. ....:;..;. "'r'~'~.. , :..~~.'l . .' ~'~-;~~fi '."'~;" . , ~ ~.:' '.;.:-:~ :;.;,;;';.:';;:111 \ . '" . J. . .:.... ~ .",'. ,. ~., I.,. "::<t4t~ . "._" "'~ ...., ~~ .'<'l!:Il ;'.. ~,<~ I ..... \il. \it t:-.u CU1TuJit. All ...1:-e:: ~hich :rc to be !>.idden frm n~ .,hJtllbe .. .... .....:, 1!'!J~ot~" bE'tllre ooncealm~ntJl .;a1')Ct any- !y'"r~on.t f'i.nn or corporat1.on lmtJllllng . ",:'i , \'~~~ cuch ,"ires 8hn11 notify the elect:1.cAl 1naJY:ctor, ~1.vine him fon,y-elght .::~~ : .~ ~>] . -',"1/ hours in. which to IMke t.hc requi~'ad inspection beforo ouch wires are COnCealed., ..~ :: <:~j~~ ..;~ Section 7. Constrl1ct.l2!1 R.e~~_~S!'!E~ No certit1ca t.e c)f .J;speotion . :,;;7 ...:~ . ,~~~ ..- .;--.r.~ . '>~l flhall 1", ie tiUt:!U lU"11c;,i;R th6 -=lactric:l ....orl~ :t~ d~c in :3 trio t t;!~.r~rJ!'j, V wi..t,h the provisions of this ordinance, t.ho stntutes of the stateot MinneSota. the rules a ni regula tions issued by tha IndU'3t.rial C~j.3e1on ot J.11nne8ot4 4na the Railroad and r;arehour;e COJllllt1.15s1on under authority ot the state 5r~ ..~); .:.~~, ';:;.'i; :':'j~:~ statut.e~, and unless they ar!:: in conform.i.ty wit.h the moat 1tpproved methods ot .col18truc~\.On tor ..tet)' to lite and propert)'. The regulatiollll .e laid . .,:.LI down in the lhtior.al Electr.i.cal Code, as approved by the American' ~.gineer1ng </\i~ .' . .. .". ., ",:;'\',;~ Stardard8 Co'JIIm1 ttee, ani in the Na tioml Electrical Safety, Code .as approved ;,'r~<~:';! . ' ,,- ...':,:;:":@J by the American &1g1nearing standards CODDI'li ttee, shall be priJna facie :':' ::?~ ., ..'If. . \~~ ".,.1" , ::j"':t ,..;., SecUon 8. p.vidence of such !!loat, awroved methods. ';." .2jf 'ttle elec t1:"ical .. Records or Permits rind I:~pec!!E~ . ".:: ~ .;..}~~ . .' ;.~,~ ." .' ~nspector shall keep eomplet~ records of all permits issued em inspections . . . made :m::l other offieial work performed under the provisions of this ordinance,.. section~. PenaltY:.Ar.y person, fint or corporation who shall violate the prov1sioM hereof shall be guilty of a misdE'meanor punishable by' fine . .I'j~::~ . ;>.::;. .:. !:i.\ ,.....1 . . ...~1. . .~. ". ~~ ~ ---....--.... . this 7- et day o~,:;J;-+.A- ,'/ I c-./ a (;J;~ 5?JJ, ~~. ""..1_ ..1'-":11 Nlm.l.ey n. \I.w.r~.& Cha,irman at Town 'Board .~~ ':.r. -, , ;,~.:{! :.;~:~ . :t~~~ '. ..~::i ::-';!:~ :"';~~;J '>;,\)j ":<1! ..... ::-:.l'.i~ . '7'.E~ , "P.- or not more than one hun:ii'r.;d dollars or by impriso1lllent of r.ot more tbann1net,. days. Section 10. 'n~isordinanc& shall be in force and er~eet f'rCllland after 1~ passaZ8 and publication. :passod by tho Tcwn Bokrd .......... 1953. ~ //'" ," ::<~A '; . ., -:~~j :.(;,. ':;r~ '., ~ .--.", . . ....:..< ~~~:.: ~."..~~-:o.;;;:~......,!"-",,,,,~, ~""' ~...:;, :'.~"-" ;. . :~';":'; '.l~~ : . '. " ,"~'<J '. . ." . <\':~ _...~"" '"",,,".-.;,C,..'. "~';;":'_"'.~':'.:':'~: .~'~ L