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HomeMy WebLinkAbout04/23/81 Agenda & Packet c o.¢chts AQ c,„, /j2. CITY OF MOUNDS VIEW PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION 4111 Thursday , April 23, 1981 6 : 30 p .m. Mounds View City Hall Council Chambers 2401 Highway 10 Mounds View, Minnesota 55112 AGENDA 1 . Call to Order 2 . Chairman' s Report 3 . Councilmember' s Report 4. Approve the March 30 , 1981 Park Commission Minutes 5 . Visitor Presentation 6 . Silver View park Master Plan Review* 7 . Lakeside Park Coumiission Update 8 . City Code Review - Chapter 24 - Recreation Activity Fund* 9 . Summer program update 10 . Memorial - Jack Shields , City Forester* 11 . Bond Issue Task Force* 12 . Staff Report 13 . Adjournment 1111) *Denotes items that need official Couuuission action K S" ' CthCif of V0dV 'e RAMSEY COUNTY, MINNESOTA GATEWAY TO THE NORTH 2401 HIGHWAY 10 MOUNDS VIEW, MINN. 55112 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, 784-3055 RECREATION AND FORESTRY April 21, 1981 Dear Parks and Recreation Commissioners : Enclosed is your packet of information for the April 23, 1981 Park Commission meeting. The meeting is scheduled to begin at 6:30 p.m. with the major dis- cussion centering around Silver View Park and Silver Lake Woods preliminary plat. • Shouldou have any y questions regarding the enclosed agenda or staff reports, feel free to give me a call at 784-3055, extension #41. Sincerely, CZ:i .-e- t'e`e Bruce K. Anderson, Director Parks , Recre.tion d Forestry BKA/sw Enclosure MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION • CITY OF MOUNDS VIEW COUNTY OF RAMSEY STATE OF MINNESOTA March 30 , 1981 Mounds View City Hall Council Chambers 6 : 00 p .m. CALL TO ORDER The Mounds View Parks and Recreation Commission was called to order at 6 : 05 p .m. by Chairman Wayne Burmeister . ROLL CALL Commissioners Present: Chairperson Burmeister, Donna Bowman, Gordon Fedor, Jerry Linke , Lloyd Scott • Marilynne Dennehy and Ed Letendre . Commissioners Absent: Frank Silvis and Wayne Wefler Councilmembers Present: Mayor Duane McCarty, Bill Doty , Charlotte Forslund, Phyllis Blanchard, and Don Hodges . Staff Present: Director Anderson, Program Super- visor Saarion and Clerk-Administrator Pauley . Visitors Present: Gary Tushie , Landscape Architect, Neal Loeding, Sharon McCarthy, Planning Commission, Bob Glazer, Planning Commission, and Jean Miller, Planning Commission . • APPROVAL OF MINUTES A motion to approve the February 26 , 1981 minutes as submitted was made by Commissioner Donna Bowman and seconded by Commissioner Jerry Linke . The motion passed unanimously . 7 ayes 0 nayes Parks and Recreation Commission Minutes March 30 , 1981 Page 2 ' �- REVIEW INITIAL CONCEPT Mr. Gary Tushie , representing Saunders/Thalden, Inc . PLAN FOR SILVER VIEW PARK reviewed the initial concept plan or blob study for Silver View Park . After a great deal of general discussion, Commision- er Lloyd Scott made a motion to provide a pedestriar cross-walk and sidewalk on the east side of Silver Lake Road as a public pedestrian access near Bronson Avenue . The motion was seconded by Commissioner Jerry Linke . The motion passed unanimously . 7 ayes 0 nayes Commissioner Jerry Linke also made a mo tion to approve the concept plan of Silver View Park wi411 the understanding that changes may be made at the public hearing. Commissioner Donna Bowman seconded the motion . The motion passed unanimously . 7 ayes 0 nayes A motion was made by Commissioner Jerry Linke to hold a public meeting to review the Silver View Park concept plan Saturday, April 11 at City Hall at 10 : 00 a .m. Commissioner Lloyd Scott seconded the motion . Motion passed unanimously . 7 ayes 0 nayes 411 Parks and Recreation Commission Minutes March 30 , 1981 Page 3 REVIEW (continued) Commissioner Donna Bowman and Commissioner Lloyd Scott expressed the idea to develop an earth building storage garage into the sliding hill proposed at Silver View Park . Commissioner Scott directed staff to research some preliminary data regarding the feasibility of constructing an earth sheltered storage facility , compared to a wooden or block building. LAKESIDE PARK COMMISSION Director Anderson reviewed the status of the Lakeside Park Joint Powers Agreement, stating that it is currently in the hands of the attorneys for review. Director Anderson told of his concern that the Council and Commission Members understand the role changes of the agreement, especially concerning the administration of the beach program. Lakeside Park Commission is an advisory board which provides staff direction in establishing policy . The City Parks and Recreation staff is responsible for implementing the policys that are approved by the Lakeside Park Commission. Director Anderson further stated that the individual City Councils would be ultimately responsible for any legal decisions regarding Lakeside Park . FUTURE PARK REFERENDUM Chairman Burmeister opened up the discussion re- garding the possibility of a Park Referendum in the Spring of 1981 . Chairman Burmeister felt we should definitely have another referendum only we should scale the dollar amount down below the 1 . 6 million. • Commissioner Scott and Linke both stated that they felt we should stay with the 1 . 6 million dollar amount . Park and Recreation Commission March 30 , 1981 Page, 4 FUTURE PARK REFERENDUM There was a general discussion that followed as (continued) to why the referendum may have failed, a synopsis of the explanations that were offered are as follows : 1 . General Election 2 . School referendum 3 . Misunderstanding of some issues 4. Too much publicity 5 . Poor timing 6 . Too much money and too costly 7 . Concern for park maintenance Following the lengthy discussion , the Mayor spoke on behalf of the Council directing staff to establish a task force of residents to determine the following: 1 . Why the referendum failed? • 2 . Should we proceed with another referendum? 3. Assuming the response to number 2 is positive , What should the referendum include? a . Specific development b . Amount of money c . Timing-day, etc . 4 . Should a maintenance referendum be included? 5 . Establishment of a citizens task force . Staff accepted the challenge and hopes to report to the Council at the April 27 Council meeting . CITY WIDE PARK SYSTEM Commissioner Lloyd Scott made a motion to accept MASTER PLAN the language of the letter dated March 18 , 1981 to the Planning Couunission and deletion of page 71 from the City Wide Park System Master Plan. The motion was seconded by Commissioner Jerry Linke . The motion passed unanimously . 7 ayes • 0 nayes Park and Recreation Commission Minutes March 30 , 1981 Page 5 411 CITY WIDE (cont . ) After further discussion Commissioner Jerry Linke made a motion to rescind the previous motion . Marilynne Dennehy seconded the motion. Motion passed unanimously. 7 ayes 0 nayes Commissioner Lloyd Scott made a motion to approve the following language for the City Park Plan; "With this amount in mind, the Mounds View City Council and Park and Recreation Commission propose to implement this program with funds from State and Federal grants , City Park and Playground Fund and revenues from a park referendum if approved by the voters of Mounds View. The development of Silver View Park will be primarily through State and Federal funds . " We also agree to delete page #71 from the City Wide Park System Master Plan . The motion was seconded by COmmlissiOner Jerry Linke . The motion passed unanimously . 7 ayes 0 nayes ADJOURNMENT Commissioner Gordon Fedor made a motion to adjourn the meeting, seconded by Commissioner Jerry Linke . The motion passed unanimously . 5 ayes 0 nayes The meeting was adjourned at 8: 30 p .m. •espectfull.'y Submitted, :, Bruce K. Anderson ''' Underground Space. Voi.4,No. 3, pp. 143-152 I, Pergamon Press Ltd. 1979. Printed in Great Britain. • An Essay - Frequently asked Questions on Earth-Sheltered Housing CHARLES A. LANE The Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 The costs of heating and cooling a home today continue to climb at an ever-faster pace. Utility costs, once relatively cheap, in some cases now exceed the cost of mortgage payments. In response to homeowners' concerns, people involved in all areas of the housing industry are exploring innovative energy-conserving techniques. Over the past several years, interest in the energy-saving concept of earth-sheltered housing has grown rapidly. This essay briefly answers some of the most frequently asked questions regarding earth-sheltered housing design. It deals with topics such as: site selection; structural systems; energy-use criteria; heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC); waterproofing; insulation; and factors affecting constructing costs. • How many earth-sheltered houses have been built located at the University of Texas at Arlington;Texas (or are currently under construction) in the United Tech University; University of Missouri; and States? Oklahoma State University. In early March 1978, the University of Minnesota's The idea of using the earth for shelter from the Underground Space Center published a book entitled elements is not new,of course. One can discover from Earth Sheltered Housing Design. At that time, only reading a good history book that the use of an estimated 30 to 40 earth-sheltered homes had been earth-sheltering for human habitation has ancient built in the U.S. Although it is difficult to determine beginnings. The popularity of the concept today can how many of these homes are being built at present, I be described accurately as the rebirth of an old idea. would estimate that 2000-3000 earth-sheltered However, the timing of the attention now focused on homes are now either completed or in some phase of earth-sheltering is closely linked with the expected planning, design, or construction. This number is decrease in the availability of cheap energy sources. increasing at a rapid rate. It is interesting to note that the areas where the What things should be considered in selecting a site greatest interest in earth-sheltered housing has been for an earth-sheltered home? demonstrated have been located near a center or To date, most earth-sheltered homes have been organization involved in the research and develop- built in rural or semi-rural areas on larger, open sites. ment of underground space. The University of The prevailing attitude is that a buildable site should Minnesota's Underground Space Center is one of the be a large, 5-acre plot on a south-sloping hill facing a principal research and information centers in the beautiful view protected by a forest of pine trees to nation. Also headquartered at the University of the north. Although ideal, such a site is far from Minnesota is the American Underground-Space essential. Association (AUA). AUA members are professionals A good exposure to the south, however, is and interested members of the public concerned with necessary to obtain maximum solar heating and • the wise development of underground space. Other natural light. North exposure should be kept to a national research centers that have served as catalysts minimum. No direct solar heat gain, only diffuse for growth in the earth-sheltered housing industry natural light, is available from the north. The Clearing House for Earth Covered Buildings, As with any conventional above-grade home, 143 144 Charles A. Lane . .,..- landscaping and plantings can be designed to What structural systems and materials should be maximize privacy and wind/sun protection. Other site considered in planning an earth-sheltered home? considerations such as vehicle and pedestrian access, The structural parameters of an earth-sheltered utility hookups, easements, wells and septic systems home are probably among of its least understood • usually pose no special problems for the earth- aspects, especially for the nonprofessional, individual sheltered home builder. home builder. Yet,surprisingly, it is the area in which A good knowledge of soil and groundwater many novice builders seem least willing to seek conditions is very important in planning an professional help. earth-sheltered house, but often prospective builders The stresses produced on an earth-sheltered house will choose a site without any knowledge of where are far greater than those on a conventional the groundwater table is located, how the soil above-grade, platform-framed house, and are far transfers moisture (the percolation rate), the soil greater than a novice builder may suspect. The composition (sands, gravels, clays, peat, fill,etc.),and structural design of a conventional home allows more the chemical characteristics of the soil. Sometimes flexibility in precision and in the use of materials. sod conditions can be approximated by contacting Thus, detailed structural engineering is usually neighbors on adjacent lots, or by obtaining soil required in designing an earth-sheltered house. surveys for the immediate area. If these methods do Structural systems and materials vary widely, and not yield sufficient information, it is advisable to have included: cast-in-place reinforced concrete, invest in a thorough soils test from a reputable soil reinforced mason • testing firm. ry, precast concrete, post-tensioned concrete, treated wood foundations, wood beam In earth-sheltered housing, the surrounding soil is a roofs, fiberglass reinforced masonry, fiberglass, functional part of the house, and not merely a design reinforced wood panels, concrete silo block, and steel afterthought. A builder should be familiar with the and concrete drainage units. Little standardization in properties of the soil, just as he would be familiar construction of earth-sheltered housing has yet been with the properties of the other construction developed, and as a result, builders are faced with the materials. uncertainty that accompanies any prototype design. Under optimum conditions, the soil should This lack of standardized construction techniques provide good load-bearing strengths, good drainage makes builders reluctant to invest their efforts in characteristics, and a sufficient distance between the earth-sheltered house construction, and can add to house structure and the highest point of any construction costs once the decision to build is made. • groundwater table. A wise builder should probably avoid building in a flood plain area, in humic soils, or Care must be exercised to use the materials in extremely expansive clays. properly. In flat roof structural systems, roof clearance spans will vary with the type of material Earth-sheltered homes are proving highly adaptable used. Wood beam roofs obviously will require limited to the urban setting as well as the rural setting. Conditions of adjacent sites and structures are shorter spans than will a concrete material roof. To more important in urban than rural sites: care must resist stresses developed by earth-bermed walls,shear be taken that adjacent structures do not shade the walls should be designed and integrated into the house plans. In two-story earth-sheltered homes, the site. In some earth sheltered house designs, the greatest stresses developed by earth-bermed walls,are soil-berming may require a fairly large lot, thereby making some smaller urban lots unacceptable. located at the intermediate floor. Too often. novice On the other hand, urban sites considered builders overlook this fact and plan for a wood joist undesirable for conventional homes may be ideal for intermediate floor system;in some cases,a wood joist earth-sheltered construction, as soil-berming can be floor system is inadequate to safely transfer these used effectively to block out unwanted views and lateral wall stresses. noises. An excellent example of such use of an urban Another major class of structural systems, arches site is the Seward West Redesign earth-sheltered and shell shapes, can transfer heavy loads very townhouses in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Scheduled for efficiently. It is important, however, not to seriously completion in late 1979, the 12 units are bermed to alter these simple shapes in a house design:therefore the north side, which is adjacent to a noisy freeway; the placement of openings such as doors, windows and the south exposure is open. A potentially and atriums in arches and shells should be done by a objectionable housing site thus has been made useful competent architect and engineer. through good earth-sheltered design [1 j . At present, professional builders need to develop a Urban sites may also become more popular as better knowledge of loads and stresses caused by automobile transportation costs continue to rise. earth-berming. As builders develop'more confidence • With reductions in the costs of both transportation and variety in their products, the number of and home energy use, earth-sheltered home owners cost-competitive designs available to the consumer can significantly lower their energy expenses. should increase. An Essay — Frequently asked Questions on Earth-sheltered Housing 145 • .4 i cu�� y 1a i' a. 'Z - ,�,,, }.t,• .• �'. _:�p yam'"; • F77, :♦ unci 'om '. L• _.•...s . - J---. ,r 1w } .I. ,;•' ..•%i 4• ,r; 1' t_J •. 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Bithuthene waterproofing is being applied on the roof and walls. •• A ori !f• ,..e44:•-4,... „5,,,:.::!};.1..,..1..I.II.,....s.i.ti.... •7:6%.7 iiiiiirli, •/%41: — Y7'',. t...5.;::::.4.7;.: { � f' 74:- i Pli'X't.j.; 1 :;72`!"-M141.0*A.V7..“1.- � � : P OfT: j• - •,.• tihilitl _ C �riri,�Yrr�•'t,'� N . r�� �►' —�.+^y tM s +*wq Wit` } t x''.6'1 ' "er-.1.,,,,.-.,--.. .-4....,-:._-_,• N, • • ti X 7L ti ,, ,� Jr ,4.5.;.74,„:„.0.....::,, ..,�v.,u.to y • .g ..-.. " ,--x-1-).-0,4-144,4yYA • Z ac 'r b.' •'Si• + .� o j v, .P'.tJ '.;-,1;41:441":: i i . 1.+� f �. '-' ..r'' • t. ,, A),: L •••"_,,.... e 'faa r 'k lr*1.W1rit,�. ..,iy..''''.r � ,r+ 3•ry4.a"q„T*. 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This house, located in Camden State Park, Minnesota, is one of the Underground Space Center/11HF.4 demonstration homes. Precast concrete drain pipes are stacked vertically to form the side retaining walls. The pipes are stabilised by attaching a steel cable to the top of the pipe wall and at an angle to the footing. This angle allows the tipping forces on the pipe wall to be resisted by cable tension. The pipe wall then is filled with earth for additional weight and stability. 146 Charles A. Lane • Wac •gym[ . .f rt`~7- ,ji+4414 i4 • r y '/* i•r w s v +.'- q. 4 ..lti s v L_ k,,c ice. • rx _ w, .� ° • 1t� x. J✓ v " i1 ..• . 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' '.+ter Ae•—t-tr.''ti'- 'Se.,1, `1i?' mss. �L�•.�. v�.w' qtr 7? r....-y.� .. _..` r-" �''..E 's.. �?4a'Tx'••- 1 '- - >.t. .a.C'I ^„ wz _ e. �� � ,.X117 l', .';;-fat `` `^.�• '' ..4. ��v +"� +4�C.fv V,+!ewk:., � ^T+• ;t:•. {ff,-k ,�,4�'` 4wc s 04'.....?-6;;‘.. {y u v''•-lej,' by; ,,, + '� •� i f '16,',.... .."*"'- *• 1 ".- a,a 1 'r ' ,- � �_ •- � -,vet -.. �•w, . FIG. 3. Side entrance to the Camden State Park house. The precast concrete+drar��.Y._��• r+��' ` .r N sound, low-cost ancestructural system for �l~y s a bed on a precast concrete roof system. Walls are reinforced 12 in. block. Butyl sheetswereused asrwat structurallytooin penetrating the side wall earth berm. Roof cover is 18 in. covering a sand ,. • waterproofing t t tri' ~ Lags ,. • t.p. « ti✓�M'ti_,...ti.{f s�Li6 • ar. -tf ..f•- -0? .__ y #may r1�►" 3 N 'L' Y.. +l► s. • '''..C. fix- L l4%., � , ..', tf+gT '" *- - . .� t. i; - ,sp0' ". ;'K; n 3%`._ a _ JC t .i. jI .L4 r' .Yl+." • sifts, ; • ..s '\ x. ,." i � "'3 : - a ltn1i[ .!!�'�•:':1:" ^- ' e O,i • i . na v � p . .• •. v ' • . ••'w .' .• r.i ..... c ,...-*4,,., :r r - • ` ...)e-- _- yv' lh �+ti.„p � • • ti� 3� • y . . br . r 'h ... Ili, , i... 14,,77,,,,,... .......'..,-.4t,•-kof.i.„,....r.t.V.,...F..t.4Z4”- ; ' •''' ."••• ' ..-..._••••..- ' ra-' 1 .„....:: - '.- - . '. Z. y4•�+w "-'-..-t r , -.-•- "C ?`` �► `^�' .. . + lilts� «�_ � n°iky -h .r �s. "tti. Vii . FIG. 4. Precast wall and 12 in. roof panels form the structural system for this two-story home near St. Paul Minnesota. In this structural system, the intermediate earth loads. .411 lateral loads are transferred by the floor slab andr is roof designed planks. Becausetheintermediate floor is • free of large structural obligations, it is constructed with conventional wood Distframing.ppfor the wall lateral poured concrete side retaining walls increases structural efficiency while minimizing use and cost of the material. The bend in the • An Essay — Frequently asked Questions on Earth-sheltered Housing 147 What information is available on energy savings First, insulation should be used on the roof to retard afforded by earth-sheltered homes? steady-state heat transfer. Contrary to common Most earth-sheltered building enthusiasts are belief, the earth is a very poor insulator. Soil is not convinced that by berming portions of the structure placed on the roof to insulate; one would need many • and by maximizing south orientation with properly feet of earth to equal the insulating properties of just shaded and insulated glazing they can conserve a few inches of rigid insulation, and such earth energy. Proper insulation will reduce the steady-state loading would impose impractical demands on the conductive heat transfer, and soil berming will structural system. effectively moderate the skin temperatures of the Second, soil is used on the roof as a temperature structure,, resulting in a much narrower range of moderator. Because of its density and specific heat temperature extremes in the soil berm in comparison properties, earth has a fairly good heat capacity, or to the ambient air temperatures. thermal mass. This thermal mass allows the soil on The total energy consumption of a house should the roof to retain and dissipate large amounts of be budgeted to the different use components, excess heat energy, resulting in reduced temperature including the energy requirements of heating;cooling; fluctuations of the soil adjacent to the roof structure. interior lighting; exterior lighting; household Rapid temperature changes in the outside air are not appliances: hot water heating; and treating make-up "felt" as quickly by the soil on the roof. In fact, the air ventilation. roof soil shelters the house from a harsh climate (very Extensive research is needed to determine how the cold and/or very hot) and places it in a much more various components of an earth-sheltered house moderate climate. The earth cover on the roof contribute to overall energy losses. For example, the combines with good insulation to comprise the total effects of opening doors and windows or not roof system. insulating glazing need to be quantified: and the Earth-sheltered home builders also must determine thermal behavior of soil on walls, roofs, and under how much earth should be placed on the roof. Here, a floors should be examined. compromise between a large thermal mass and Most reports of the energy-saving properties of structural considerations must be made,generally for existing earth-sheltered homes have been non- flat roof systems 1.5 to 2 ft of soil seems optimum. scientific surveys by the homeowner. No quantitative In cold climates, it is not necessary to try to berm to data-gathering studies have been completed. The below the frost line (in northern portions of the • University of Minnesota's Underground Space Center, country, a depth approaching 4 ft). The exact in conjunction with the Minnesota Housing Finance temperatures and thermal characteristics of roof soils Agency, is currently working on such a study. Seven are not yet understood, but it is unlikely that the earth-sheltered homes now being constructed in bottom soil layers will freeze, since heat transfered Minnesota are being heavily instrumented to provide through the roof continues to warm the soil. the needed performance data. The homes should be If a builder still chooses to use more roof soil,arch completed by Iate 1979. They will be monitored for and shell structures can be used. These shapes are several years and the data compiled will be analyzed, better suited to transfer the stresses produced by high providing much-needed insights into the detailed soil loading. energy behavior of an earth-sheltered house. All the demonstration homes will be open to the public for a What are the best methods of meeting Heating, period after completion [2] . Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) require- ments in earth-sheltered houses? Why must the roof of an earth-sheltered house Closely allied with the energy behavior of an have an earth cover? Can't a well-insulated conven- earth-sheltered house are the Heating, Ventilation and tional type of roof be used instead? Air Conditioning (HVAC) requirements. Since Many prospective earth-sheltered home builders thermal loads are less than those for a conventional have considered the option of using a conventional home, smaller HVAC units can be used. Data roof. It does seem that many design headaches could compiled from earth-sheltered demonstration homes be avoided by not placing earth on the roof. For will enable HVAC engineers to properly size and example, structural loads on the walls could be design the mechanical systems: extensive research and reduced, and roof drainage, waterproofing, and design work by mechanical engineers is necessary, as landscape uncertainties would diminish. With the most existing earth-sheltered homes have incor- possible cost-savings from conventional construction, porated standard HVAC designs. one could afford to insulate heavily (to a minimum Research into the integration of other backup • R-value of 50 or 60). energy systems with earth-sheltered housing also is in However, by not earth-berming the roof, the demand. Because heating/cooling loads are small, upaying builder is another kind of price. Reducing heat systems such as active solar can be cost-effective as transfer through the roof is a two-pronged attack. backup. Other systems: include passive designs such 148 Charles A. Lane — as: "earth pipes." trombe walls, heat storage, natural can prove to be the most demanding. Products will ventilation, solar gain systems, wind, and the use of range from good resealing properties to none at all. renewable resources such as wood burning and Be sure to consult the manufacturers' test data on alcohol fuels. Properly designed earth-sheltered this. Performance test results of a product should be homes should have heating loads well within the available from the product manufacturer or from • capabilities of an efficient wood stove even in very independent testing sources;any product that appears cold climates with an excess of 8000 degree days per weak in one or more of the abovementioned areas year. should be eliminated. No matter what type of Generally, mechanical air-cooling systems have not structural material is used, there will always be some been necessary in properly designed earth-sheltered settling and possible structural cracks, so the houses. Because the temperature of the surrounding waterproofing must have the ability to bridge the earth is almost always cooler than the inside of the cracks and protect the house from unwanted house, excess specific heat will Clow from the house moisture. During construction. it is easy to scrape off, into the soil. Initial fears regarding condensation and tear or rip the waterproofing product once applied. high indoor relative humidities have not materialized. Nails, sharp rocks, work boats and careless backfilling Good air circulation usually will control most can take their toll. high-humidity situations, and in extreme cases a small When used in conventional above-grade structures, portable dehumidifier should suffice to control some waterproofing products will reseal quite well. humidity. This is primarily due to the warm extremes in air As knowledge of the energy performance becomes temperature: heat will cause the material to soften accessible, mechanical engineers should be able to and then allow it to reseal. Asphalt products are effectively standardize and size systems to perform especially adaptable in this way. the necessary HVAC functions for an earth-sheltered Below grade, however, temperatures are lower, house. Ideally, the systems will incorporate the good ranging from 35 to 70°F, far below the high design of current HVAC systems and the best of new, temperatures of 150-180°F that can be reached on energy-efficient solar energy and passive-energy tech- an above-grade, built-up roof system. Most products niques. Such a system would be a great boon to the specify that during application air temperatures be earth-sheltered housing industry. above 40°F; otherwise the bonding or curing processes will be retarded. - What waterproofing systems are most appropriate for earth sheltered homes? On the other hand, repeated thermal expansion of The most frequently asked questions about a material is one of the greatest forces leading to earth-sheltered housing concern waterproofing. The wear. It may be argued that the narrow thermal spectrum of underground temperatures will aid in the possibilities of leaks in an earth sheltered house inspire fear in the minds of professionals and lay durability of product material, yet to answer this people alike. quantitatively, much research on underground water- Unfortunately, sound knowledge and experience proofing systems is needed. in applying waterproofing systems to earth-sheltered Finally, whichever waterproofing system the homes are scarce. Experts offer ample opinions but builder chooses, quality control is essential. Even the very few facts. Extensive, independent testing of best material can prove a disaster if improperly current waterproofing systems and the development installed. It is questionable whether the novice, of new products is imperative. do-it-yourself, earth-sheltered home builder should At present, five major products are being used for attempt to install waterproofing himself or herself. waterproofing earth-sheltered homes: asphalt and The job is better left to a waterproofing contractor pitch products;bituthene;liquid polyurethanes;butyl who knows the product. Only with repeated and EPDM (Ethylene Prophylene Diene Monomer) application experience can one know how to cope membranes; and bentonite products. Each product best with unexpected problems and their conse- has advantages and disadvantages; none can be quences. It is best not to make your house your described as universally "the best." These products guinea pig. should be distinguished from dampproofing products, In waterproofing, extra care must be taken at the which only restrict vapor transmission. In addition, seams (if any) and points where the flashing projects good surface drainage practices and proper backfill from the building. Water has a way of finding the are essential for an adequate waterproofing system. weak link in a waterproofing system. Skylights can Regardless of which waterproofing system is used, cause problems if the mechanical details are not well the product should: (1) have a long service life designed, though some apparent leakage attributed to - underground; (2) have good crack-bridging capa- skylights has actually been due to interior condensa- bilities; and (3), ideally be able to reseal itself at tion problems rather than to a failure in the exterior underground temperatures. The third requirement waterproofing system. 150 . Charles A. Lane • . '`tyi 4 r..I/.;tet• • `ti,r f I F. r✓ Y.. x h'• as :Y.C•• 3.v.Y .. T1, 9►�w� V, ;,'$ �:L""w�'!?.i, �'MGr Ey3�. .erg ..Y3A - J� 7:4-�X $ St r y ''.7T_ .rt _ !. . ? .1.13.4-'1,1rC . t -.f • ,x :^,. ,., . Y - . ,4, 1 s i. <W h i c, c.' r" • • , 1 ? ',-.' tort - .i..— fit. ,'d• •=:-.,,,,:j,7_,.?_:?:-:*. ay Y' x #"''t `.J J ..,, • } .r t �1 �r•• 1 •`) "r 5i ,. ::• •r t, � �r ,t w• .z �•i f "Et . `F ,.9t.' t r M y { a a •i-.•..3.1.--- - ''t e'��-...„,-,,,,.*-',,43,:::.•�'�:�t "> s-# r tY?' . � _ � � �:, � a.:.s rn: 7 ': "!/.,--.4i-,::-.1:1: .::;:', ....:;-#..:•_,,,,. ...-- <: .. ,- t r „+i.,r � "=v i•`--a+ l a ' .fie c. >•i •!!�'} 1.. "; •1,'mak 1 :7c t : t µ `�'•t, y ".Y xy !'r.:�. tea._ -w °i_ ..� ,� ..- ,-,....re. ' ..+.LITS �.!✓'� - �siurOs..i�� � ..Y�Cw FIG. 7. Bentonite panels will provide waterproofing for the roof and walls of this house. The wall panels will be applied at the base of the side walls up to approximately 8 feet. After backfilling the lower 8 feet, the second level of panels will be applied and side backfilling completed. On the roof, 6 in. of styrofoam are placed directly above the bentonite, and a 4 mil polyethylene sheet completes the waterproofing system. The plastic sheet keeps • the styrofoam clean of fine dirt and sand and provides some protection during roof backfilling. What properties should be considered in choosing This is an important requirement since water- insulating materials for earth-sheltered homes? absorbing insulations rapidly lost their R-value (the The other product (i.e., besides waterproofing) ability of a material to resist heat flow). The most usually applied to the exterior of the structure is commonly used insulating product that fulfills the insulation. This is necessary when the structural above criteria is extruded polystyrene. It is a closed system is that of high thermal mass such as concrete. cell, rigid board insulation with good long-term A large amount of concrete used in the structure thermal performance. It should also be distinguished represents a potentially large thermal storage mass, from expanded polystyrene, which is basically an which must be insulated to work effectively. open cell product. Open cell insulation will absorb Placing insulation on the outside exposes it to moisture from the ground over an extended period of moisture and soil conditions. Usually the insulation is time. Two different production processes are used in producing extruded and expanded polystyrene. placed outside of the waterproofing system because Another concern regarding insulation placed on most waterproofing systems need a smooth, dry, stable base, such as the concrete structure for the exterior is the possibility of rodent and insect application. Except for butyl sheets, waterproofing damage;both time and possible research into this area products should not be applied over the insulation. should reveal whether or not this concern is There is too much potential movement of insulation, warranted. whether it be rigid board or poiyurethane liquids, to Insulation placement should be maximized under form a stable base for the waterproofing. Placing the root soil and upper portions of the walls. These areas insulation over the waterproofing also will protect the are most susceptible to temperature fluctuations of waterproofing during backfilling. the outside air. Nonbermed house portions,such as a south wall, should be conventionally framed and insulated. How do the construction costs of an earth sheltered home compare with costs for a comparable conventional house? What are the necessary properties for exterior • applied insulation? First, they must have good compressive strength to resist earth pressures. Second, they should be a closed cell product that will not absorb excessive moisture. Regardless of promises of energy savings and An LssaV - Frequently asked Questions on Earth-sheltered Housing 149 �) '✓A ' 4 :...,.' 6• f' Tf?'*'.t ..,:-'•••••-• .4r w • .. le • SIN 1 Y�'•, �IJ •at ,,„,k 4,k:„...... 1ytt4} , ..,•••, W f S` y � .} , •' _'�1I( • •nit„' ,•.: a�r �'+' 'I .4•";44.•- . 4i'W"•,44J 4L•�'Y �aX. • .may c.ra„••• ••&•":•.'"'. ^may • ..x-n /.i'i _i • .'W •_ w ^•*A), • r.re•-tNt ' GG ti4�''t* ,, rr� ,�,�.�eiPy ,,^i .,r,r ,„ s .. . ."••• a -.;�� �,4,:p `4' �,' `�". `e?„J rL xiv>. .. ' -Y ..,..�' .7('14 trz •? meq"*.it.;4 14 f•r ' t !. '~ r'_.'.i • ��fin'r V�� �����.�, i �iY •�/ «.-�'. , •,(4 c; • ••^.�.�sds"} 0,.•—•j••'C ,. • •f �.4. 'f tai. 7�'.a fftP .f+ry�C.r ,.' rt.,' i' 1 4. '.7;4`.a., 1* IC'.� a,i µ.:-.-f,-.•:',',7' t yf-, . K'R ^ ''C;:11')."..1:: :1 n t: v„..'''.•-.01.3.42,a'• ik0'm-t" =spat t .J r i k +w. • ,-.e.'-.• M '.i f r•v T '41"h,4 f ItV5. r ,r-i `1". r. • `�i I•.'•••. •• ,11y rf t '; • . •,- 31 ..• a w ',4,1''.t'r �^�, r - !a ,.,, i r .fit y,+4 Yh1 a•,-r- 'y' .a',c•-•-t.,104.'wti y rA r of a.fye ' y ( 4--= + • •';•, e'I +?,,• a• a • a..+o - 7.1t-,-, t ;yyj uv�.Y i ''�j. { ye��' c 7 f/1 rx••a0 `F o7. �j4!. dxvn�r• �fi�`eSwc,J .a•R,,� C`` A .,... •a,�''� r`< f . k/ w 4 •,^' .,... 4aSy 41ki',,.. .r ,.- '4.,0.-r,-;‘41: 4.,Y,- -y't •' 1�T A 9yt�c•„; +< t 4 t. 1 ji�.Y r {� s,•< ..Y.. D rt •v. a cw`� E,Y'"ti .�y}'-ktg, ' ` 'Stq.'9).`:`,,:-.ii,':S�y'Yiz . -"P^. .• } irra„ yet x wr+ "r"`g' ->' A'''tt� .'3l''` 51^'a f'�V� ' , '-T- 1.1:1 frr w.. �.. t'• -:1.yi ',S4. •,1f'- .i.'1Ft ?Y! ? _ i t'97, •,�srx�,� _ -< �-4 r dG •x� �R !' �,�'•j,, `4 MiC.. S. � t•�//+4.� i• 4' • i E't t •S•U �,�y*9 i.. �+Kr e r `"Y'�,kTy ' ; 7rj•. '�..'. '' 3 'F i a �-NU4+ ,'14, _ ''', ;r'�"Y' .'• : A-.•.;4' "* $L•R ` _ S " y Cyt 'W,' •.....;•.0.,;4, f+ _r , ,�3�(`•. L f . ��y,s f,+.;'I (may, S' Y . t•,+ t . "•<"+ S?' r c s '--..."'41•,,r: ' 1 �4.,,„ •.!_ x ,p_ --4 '•f. '•'?I- ' 4.,.-,•,i•-:. M i• , t..� �t ,r ::.N.,... FIG. .5. .4 metal air supply trunk duct feeds air to selected cores of the precast concrete floor planks. The cores in the plank then feed floor grills in individual rooms. This design is an effective integration of the structural and HVAC systems. Water pipes, conduits, and other mechanical systems pose no problems with a concrete structure. • Ari• t. �'.�rd�t_` . 4 ~' aA V M'• h � . y v ` W � Y •'.1�:.arL •'V•S� rat, r +F tiViubiT:tetk • • n�'"`t4i•.�.��!y+'•{' *5C . 5_a � ' if • y i : + � ri,¢ t r 4t ..f •�4.•• ` ' om _ ^ ..0 ••.WaN'^n44M1- poksii. - u • •a .y f f, • r. ;.;A. �1` t�• �`w� ..� �� ^fir►• Y:..'f '"'•-•�•t .EIFVS - -z----,•:.3•04-.••w ....• -•:44;;;,„„.2,4,--4-‘4.,, .4,'• CTy- r. �. -'-1 '`�. .;ems., rn .,..:-A.-:.:",.. yf•.�.¢y,,.1'��'S:':4� �,,„,... ..'fr.''''',.tt�('�-,T.Ly • i. 0,,5 . M .�, '. fid: I•. fir` 14.rM1? .ft0''.-11(. qtr"-s s. • . p7' .c«°e�'S a15"a•# "s�,'�••sk° ; ;�yi r t.' j� . ,e.);..2.. r. } ..�`fw..;'• yZi I.t..1',+, - T ." j+► .1 *7.,'.• ..-. 1011.t. *4.;;Wr.: N '/.4ik• '2,,_ ,7,'.*,,,...:ArtiL ..''' ,''''.:'.. ' ,'-': '''.7,,,,,,,- . ;-r, ''-;''' • . 4,; .ri ..'V '.a+i. • Y • .y�t ti .M �tM' J �.�N 9'0. -• '4••• 1 •di FIG. 6. Another method of handling roof projections. Each pipe and mechanical service has a separate hole cut through the precast roof panels. Extreme care must be taken to waterproof each projection thoroughly- Aesthetic qualities should also be considered when using this approach. .in L say — f requenriy asked Questions on earth-sheltered Housing 1 ! • Y 4,?•041...is\t".-;;,`'. ''.6,.. .*5,idt,;e•--fg. ,Pte 41. . •••••P ., :. t. ... -* — i' • ,.6. . ., ''• .* r" tip: "T. + (4..v3... 7 6-.kr t •£ q K: ^,e. ''�'lera•. "p;\ „;‘,11.7. `rfti )i 'al�k `let ,+ •i' `ltl:,r�w•.. <�:” �.,3�;44;$4„:.,- ,44.-:' :' t i giti,,,,j, o -1,-.A.. .v . i• Xra. . ...,........v.....,,...„,„..„:„.,{ ,.�� r..�„+ e -•t Ky �•ey :. l A *•'• „Sr.'7". L"`:� •�1•.N P i Y r 1 R' �*^'CL .% ;: f ' , is. 1 t, k'S;i;:'4,:' 4t2 - '- ,.,.,,Y.'t',•,,`.s/,.;�t, iw vy ,,, ar� ,,ii..fr34r`Y? °7�' „„•, 1 4 s r �r Fly In.. t . 3+C.k..J.4' �,„„. .. . K..XY "i' `.j f*jt,''''. �.0 i ,(p�.r¢ ,yt� � �.,;•:'' '-`:'4... !I 'i .++'�• • rfi , u.•s V_yl t >S!� r�; w r' T'• l P!. ♦_'N -_._ '> `ty,, ;+•t.. ' ^f: :* ... a. ay•,- ,''' �.� L4 `+•� ry�.. 1.:4•. ,i'.': 1;1;.!:;:,.. ��` -. -L...+ r i. \ r•S '-'•'''.;'' ;a M ,•' .117..,.,.% ,, �. ''.'':-•'`...2.' .c r ,.,tSy?'`V.._ :,,.--�-�: Y.• r • •••.../:,, ,=„-1.i P ^ '.. ` ` .T��.r',.' ^ .d f{'.`!",,.f4z-':, f 4. t44-. r ;''4 ryt'..4,x+,},r A.'�:t.. a "CV . �' - - " 4ry :.,. .c•��Sa "a. �t•&+ c"<.4 r . c�E;.u'�^`,•,t;.a. -r�iC C` _' li` , "�. .'1. tom° , c{ ry+Ata 'Yv :ss • ` Silli_ w,• yi. r,. v-. • t_......„ _ + •.• , .. �''' ,.f! :� 4 - it '+�.. �. `�rr�:.S'�1 Yt.a� FIG. 8. This one-story house is totally structured with precast concrete walls and roof panels. Polyurethane insulation is sprayed on the roof(6 in.) and walls(4 in.). Liquid polyurethane waterproofing is then sprayed over the insulation. Extreme care during backfilling is necessary since the delicate waterproofing has no protection. If sprayed insulation is not smooth and level on the roof, ponding often occurs in spots, thereby subjecting the • waterproofing to a continuously wet condition. A single precast panel serves as the side retaining wall. Support • for the wall is provided by a keyed footing and the edge of the patio slab. energy-independence, the bottom line is cost. Few framing has had many years to develop cost-effective people can afford the luxury of designing an energy-independent, earth-sheltered home free from consideration of construction costs. Real estate and construction costs continue to rise rapidly. Conventional mortgage money is becoming tighter, and interest rates continue to climb. Despite these trends, many nonprofessional builders believe that they can build their energy-free home cheaply. This has usually not been the case. practices. Low-cost track and pre-fab homes were not developed overnight. In fact, it is surprising that the comparative costs of an earth sheltered house and an above-grade house are as close as they are. Many of the earth sheltered houses built today are uniquely designed custom homes. These types of homes are generally more expensive than those built from a standard working design. In conventional, above-grade homes. the idea of It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the owner-furnished home is popular. Contractors or comparative costs of above and below-grade homes. developers put up the shells and the roughing and the Some earth sheltered homes have cost less,some have new homeowner can do the rest, at a lower cost. This concept has carried over to the earth- cost more. Factors that affect the costs of both include: any materials shortages (real or contrived); sheltered home enthusiast as well, which is fine if the homeowner limits him or herself to work with which the number and magnitude of other local job bids available to contractors; local labor conditions in the he/she is familiar, such as exterior finishing or trim. Structural design and waterproofing application should be left to those who understand them best. These areas are certainly not open to cost-reducing shortcuts at the expense of their performance integrity. The relative cost of earth-sheltered homes will building trades (union, nonunion, strikes, delays, etc.): legal and/or zoning difficulties: complexity of house desist: and cost overruns as a result of unforeseen problems (sometimes prevalent in earth- sheltered homes). As many of these factors depend on local conditions, comparing square footage costs between different parts of the country is impossible. decrease as the construction industry develops Most importantly, owners/builders can have great standard building systems. Conventional, platform influence in controlling cost by•developing a good 152 Charles A. Lane earth-sheltered house design. They should invest in the home. For now and in the future, investing in a professional help in their designs. Cutting cost corners properly designed earth-sheltered house is money well at key areas can seriously compromise the integrity of spent. REFERENCE • • 1. For more information the Seward West Redesign townhouse, see The earth-sheltered housing demonstration project;Minnesota housing finance agency, Underground Space, 3, 259-268(1979). 2. Ibid. • • III MEMO TO: Mounds Viewilloarks and Recreation Commission FROM: Staff / DATE: April 21, 1981 SUBJECT: Silver View Park Master Plai Review Mr. Gary Tushie, Saunders-Thalden and Associates, will be pre- senting the final Park Master Plan for Silver View park at Thursday' s meeting. This final plap -will reflect the recom- mended changes the Commission made at the March 30, 1981 meet- ing as well as suggestions from the April 11, 1981 meeting. Assuming that the Parks Commission approves the Me ter Plan on Thursday staff would recommend. that the Commission recommend that the Council approve the plan at their April 27, 1981 meeting. Our next phase is for the Commission to recommend to the City Council that staff be directed to commence preparing the bid specifications for Phase One development. If the Council agrees to the schedule we would be bringing the bid specifications back to the Commission for their review at a special Commission meeting on May 21, 1981 and hopefully open bids the middle of June. Staff will be available to provide additional input on this issue at Thursday' s meeting. • MEMO TO: Movn arks and Recreation Commission • FROM: Staff- DATE: April 1, 1981 SUBJECT: Lakeside Park Commission Update Staff attended a meeting with the City Attorneys from Mounds View and Spring Lake Park on Wednesday, April 15, tp discuss the Joint Powers Agreement. ris pail are aware staff drafted a Joint Powers Agreement which was reviewed before the Perk Commission in each City. The agreement was then presented to the Attorneys who were to review the agreement prior to presentation to the City Cggncil. The City Attorneys felt that staff .had complicated the issue more than was necessary and determined that the existing ordinance (Chapter 50) was adequate and that staff should then "contract" services through the Lakeside Park Commission. At the close of the meeting we all agreed to retain Chapter 50 of the City Code with some minor modifications and to develop a contract agreement with the Commission for the services we propose to provide. The difficulty this solution is having is that Spring Lake • Park is not amenable to providing maintenance services without receiving pay (based pn $11. 1Q/hour) . Staff is meeting with the Lakeside Park Comtission on April 30, 1981 to review this contract once again and •hopefully the problem will be resolved prior to that meeting. Commissioner Bowman will be providing more details on the Lakeside Park Commission status at Thursday' s meeting. i S MEMO TO : Mounds View, Parks and Recreation Commission FROM: Staff ; DATE : April 21,1981 RE : Chapter 24 - Recreation Activity Fund This issue has been on the past two months Commission agenda for your review. As you' re aware , the City Council has under- taken an effort to update and review the entire City Code during 1981 . As part of that review process , they have directed staff to review the respective chapters that directly affect the working of their departments . Staff forwarded a copy of Chapter 24 with a staff report recommending changes dated February 25 , 1981 . It was the intent of the Commission at the February 26 , 1981 meeting to review the staff reports and make a recommendation to the Council at the March meeting. Due to the special joint meeting we were unable to address this subject . If you have lost your reports , or would like staff to provide additional information, feel free to give me a call at 784-3055 , extension #41. MEMO TO: . . V. - .:arks and Recreation reation Commission FROM: Staf Al DATE: April 2111' ' 81 • SUBJECT: Memorial - Jack Shields As you are aware our City Forester passed away December 31, 1980, following a lengthy bout with cancer. Staff had planned to construct a memorial in Jack's honor at the City garden site but as can be noted in the attached correspondence Ramsey County did not feel it would be a good idea 'due to the temporary nature of the garden. Staff would like to "brainstorm" with the Commission on other Memorial possibilities that might be appropriate. Possible suggestion include: 1. Formal flower planter, rose garden, etc. 2. Benches for tot lot area. 3. Arboretum concept or special tree planting at one of the local parks. 4. Purchase gardening books that could be donated to 0 the local library. These are only preliminary ideas and staff is receptive to other ideas or thoughts you might have. Attachment 3.,... , . ,*qz:4,-.4".:, q,, ,,,, ., . 4. !1/4 I t +I '��ZYw� �'1 �,. r • r • '',� ',,,�„ tr w 1 RAMSEY COUNTY,MINNESOTA 2401 HIGHWAY 10 MOUNDS VIEW MINN 55112 )84-3055 GATEWAY TO THE NORTH . UE{PAH A MINT 01' I'AHKS, 111 CHC AI'ION AND I=011E:SI HHY April 14, 1981 Mr. Tony Crea, Director Ramsey County Parks and Recreation 2010 White Bear Avenue St. Paul , Minnesota 55109 Dear Mr. Crea: • During the past two months I have had a number of conversations with Mr. Joe Peterson, Ramsey County Extension agent, regarding a memorial Cif- Of VOUI601 Vi0/17 for Mr. Jack Shields, Mounds View City Forester. Mr. Shields served as the City Forester for seven years in Mounds View until his death in late December. During his tenure with the City, Jack initiated the community gardening program in conjunction with Joe Peterson at the Moga farm property and con- tinued to be actively involved in seeing that project through for about four years . In honor of his love for the outdoors , gardening, and close ties with Ramsey County, the City would desire to construct an information sign board at the Moga property garden sites . At this time we don 't have a detailed drawing of our plans other than a large 4' x 6 ' plexiglass sign board supported by 4" x 4" womanized posts with a small brass plaque . • The sign would be constructed by a carpenter and I can assure you it will be a positive and welcome addition to the garden site. As we would like to commence Mr. Tony Crea Page 2 • this project in the near future, please let me know what, if any, formal approvals are necessary from here. I would be happy to meet with you at your convenience should additional information or background be required. Sincerely, - Mr. Bruce K. Anderson, Director Parks, Recreation and Forestry BKA/sw cc: Mr. Joe Peterson, Ramsey County Extension Service • • ' RAMSEY COUNTY • 11191‘, PARKS & RECREATION DEPARTMENT 1850 White Bear Avenue Telephone(612)777-1361 Yx�nr St. Paul, Minnesota 55109 Anthony J. Crea, Director Bernard L. Edmonds, Asst. Director April 17, 1981 Mr. Bruce K. Anderson Director Parks and Recreation City of Mounds View 2401 Highway 10 Mounds View, Minnesota 55112 Re: Memorial to Jack Shields Dear Mr. Anderson: Your letter of April 14th was referred to me for response. The community gardens at Rice Creek was authorized as an interim use until the property is developed in accordance with the 110 Master Plan for a regional trail corridor. The garden plots will undoubtedly be eliminated at that time. ..� ., I believe that a memorial to Mr. Shields would be more appro- priate located on Mounds View municipal property where it could be permanently maintained by his friends and neighbors in the community. I am sorry we cannot accommodate you in this matter. Sincerely, Bernard L. Edmonds Assistant Director BLE:jjh cc: A. J. Crea J. Peterson I . MEMO TO: Mounds View Parks and Recreation Commissioners 1 2 FROM: Bruce K. Anderson, Director / Parks , Recreation and Forestry DATE: April 21, 1981 RE: Park Bond Issue Task Force As you're aware, the City Council directed staff to establish a Park Bond Issue Task Force to address the following issues : 1. Why the referendum failed. 2. Should we proceed with another referendum? 3. Assuming the response to number 2 is positive, what should the referendum include? till a. Specific development b. Amount of money c. Timing - day, etc. 4. Should a maintenance referendum be included? 5. Establishment of a citizens task force. To this end staff would propose the following residents be considered for the task force: Chairperson: David Long Task Force Members : Lloyd Scott Sharon McCarthy Jan Quick Barb Stone Ed Letendre Chris Knutson Gordy Ziebarth Staff Representative: Bruce Anderson Gary Tushie - Saunders/Thalden & Assoc. Staff has not contacted any of these individuals yet as we wanted to "bounce" these names off the Park Commission. Should you feel that this would be a good cross section of the community, staff would contact each of them and have them officially appointed by the City Council on April 27, 1981.