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12 European Commission. Study on Photovoltaic Panels Supplementing The Impact Assessment for a Recast of the Weee <br />Directive. April 2011. Accessed August 2016. <br />http: //ec. europ a. eu/environment/waste/weee/p df/Study%20 on%20P V s%20B io%20 final.p df <br />" The amount of lead in a typical car battery is 21.4 pounds. Waste 360. Chaz Miller. Lead Acid Batteries. March 2006. <br />Accessed August 2016. http://waste360.com/mag/waste_leadacid_batteries_3 <br />1s Okkenhaug G. Leaching from CdTe PV module material results from batch, column and availability tests. Norwegian <br />Geotechnical Institute, NGI report No. 20092155-00-6-R; 2010 <br />16 International Journal of Advanced Applied Physics Research. Renate Zapf-Gottwickl, et al. Leaching Hazardous <br />Substances out of Photovoltaic Modules. January 2015. Accessed January 2016. <br />www.cosmosscholars.com/phms/index.php/ij aapr/article/download/485/298 <br />17 ibid <br />" Parikhit Sinha, et al. Evaluation of Potential Health and Environmental Impacts from End -Of -Life Disposal of <br />Photovoltaics, Photovoltaics, 2014. Accessed May 2016 <br />19 Bonnet, D. and P. Meyers. 1998. Cadmium -telluride Material for thin film solar cells. J. Mater. Res., Vol. 13, No. 10, pp. <br />2740-2753 <br />" V. Fthenakis, K. Zweibel. CdTe PV: Real and Perceived EHS Risks. National Center ofr Photovoltaics and Solar Program <br />Review Meeting, March 24-26,2003. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/33561.pdf. Accessed May 2017 <br />21 International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. Life Cycle Inventories and Life Cycle Assessments <br />of Photovoltaic Systems. March 2015. Accessed August 2016. http://iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=315 <br />22 Data not available on fraction of various generation sources offset by solar generation in NC, but this is believed to be a <br />reasonable rough estimate. The SunShot report entitled The Environmental and Public Health Benefits of Achieving High <br />Penetrations of Solar Energy in the United States analysis contributes significant (% not provided) offsetting of coal-fired <br />generation by solar PV energy in the southeast. <br />23 7 MWDc * 1.5 GWh/MWDc * 25 years * 0.93 degradation factor * (0.1 *4.65 grams/GWh + 0.9*0.2 grams/GWh) <br />21 Vasilis Fthenakis. CdTe PV: Facts and Handy Comparisons. January 2003. Accessed March 2017. <br />https://www.bnl.gov/pv/files/pdf/art_ 165.pdf <br />2s Kaczmar, S., Evaluating the Read -Across Approach on CdTe Toxicityfor CdTe Photovoltaics, SETAC North America <br />32nd Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, November 2011. Available at: ftp://ftp.co.imperial.ca.us/icpds/eir/campo-verde- <br />solar/final/evaluating-toxicity.pdf, Accessed May 2017 <br />27 V. M. Fthenakis et al, Emissions and Encapsulation of Cadmium in CdTe PV Modules During Fires Renewable Progress in <br />Photovoltaics: Research and Application: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:1-11, Accessed March 2017, <br />www.bnl.gov/pv/files/pdf/abs_ 179.pdf <br />26 Fthenakis V.M., Life Cycle Impact Analysis of Cadmium in CdTe Photovoltaic Production, Renewable and Sustainable <br />Energy Reviews, 8, 303-334, 2004. <br />www. cica. columbia. edu/papers/Life_Cycle_Impact_Analysi s_Cadmium_CdTe_Photovoltaic_productio <br />n.pdf, Accessed May 2017 <br />29 International Renewable Energy Agency. Stephanie Weekend, Andreas Wade, Garvin Heath. End of Life Management: <br />Solar Photovoltaic Panels. June 2016. Accessed November 2016. <br />30 International Journal of Advanced Applied Physics Research. Renate Zapf-Gottwickl, et al. Leaching Hazardous <br />Substances out of Photovoltaic Modules. January 2015. Accessed January 2016. <br />www.cosmosscholars.com/phms/index.php/ij aapr/article/download/485/298 <br />31 Cunningham D., Discussion about TCLP protocols, Photovoltaics and the Environment Workshop, July 23-24, 1998, <br />Brookhaven National Laboratory, BNL -52557 <br />32 Parikhit Sinha, et al. Evaluation of Potential Health and Environmental Impacts from End -Of -Life Disposal of <br />Photovoltaics, Photovoltaics, 2014. Accessed May 2016 <br />33 Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications. T. Markvart and L. Castaner. Chapter VII -2: <br />Overview of Potential Hazards. December 2003. Accessed August 2016. https://www.bnl.gov/pv/files/pdf/art_170.pdf <br />3' Norwegian Geotechnical Institute. Environmental Risks Regarding the Use and End -of -Life Disposal of CdTe PV Modules. <br />April 2010. Accessed August 2016. https://www.dtsc.ca.gov/LawsRegsPolicies/upload/Norwegian-Geotechnical-Institute- <br />Study.pdf <br />3s First Solar. Dr. Yasunari Matsuno. December 2013. August 2016. Environmental Risk Assessment of CdTe PV Systems to <br />be considered under Catastrophic Events in Japan. http://www.firstsolar.com/-/media/Documents/Sustainability/Peer- <br />Reviews/Japan_Peer-Review_Matsuno_CdTe-P V -Tsunami. ashx <br />36 First Solar. Parikhit Sinha, Andreas Wade. Assessment of Leaching Tests for Evaluating Potential Environmental Impacts <br />of PV Module Field Breakage. 2015 IEEE <br />37 See p. 22 of First Solar, Sustainability Report. Available at: www.firstsolar.com/-/media/First- <br />Solar/Sustainability-Documents/03801_FirstSolar_SustainabilityReport_08MAR16_Web.ashx, Accessed <br />May 2017 <br />16 <br />