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• Nevertheless, traffic from trash haulers will continue to impact residential areas. The impact will be from a single hauler making numerous trips through a residential area to serve every property on a specific day of the week, or several haulers passing through the neighborhood throughout the week, serving various customers along their routes. In the end, all properties get trash service, but the time frame varies. Advantages of a single trash hauler include trash service in a neighborhood primarily on a single day of the week. As a result, the single hauler will not add to residential traffic, noise or air pollution on days other than pickup days. On average, the single trash hauler will be traveling more slowly through the neighborhood than multiple trash haulers because service will be to each property, not to scattered customers throughout a neighborhood. The most dramatic impact of truck traffic will be the accumulative load effect of trash trucks as a percentage of the overall average daily traffic. Known as Equivalent Standard Axle Loads (ESALs), these figures are a measure of the accumulation of equivalent 18,000-1b single axles on the design lane over the design life of the roadway (usually 20 years). According to the Asphalt Paving Design Guide, developed by the Minnesota Asphalt Pavement Association, the effects of truck traffic on a pavement can be dramatic. Tests have shown that asingle-unit fully-loaded, 80,000-1b truck can cause pavement damage equivalent to that caused by 6,000 automobiles. In the case of a trash hauler, atwo-axle garbage truck can have an ESAL equal to 857 automobiles. Therefore, additional trash trucks on residential streets can impact the condition of the pavement. Research showed that several cities have cited pavement impact as an important reason to switch from multiple trash haulers to a single trash hauler in their communities. The City of Kettering, Ohio, cited improved level of service, recycling, big item pickup, reduced wear and tear on the streets and safety as the chief reason they switched to a single trash hauler. The City Council of Louisville, Colorado, also cited contracting with a single trash collector as a method of reducing street maintenance costs. The Township fo New Hanover, Pennsylvania, listed increased quality of service, administrative control, less damage to Township roads, and increased health, safety and welfare is reasons contributing their decision to go with a single trash hauler. Likewise, the City Council of La Canada Flintridge, California, chose to franchise a single hauler in their community as a cost savings and as a means of decreasing the number of trash trucks on their streets, and thus causing less damage to the pavements. Conversely, one community in this search switched from a single trash hauler to several trash haulers. The City of Hawthorne, California, decided to switch to multiple haulers "even though 40 percent more trash trucks will be rumbling on Hawthorne's streets", according to the Hawthorne Daily Breeze (12/13/02). The City considered the conversion to multiple haulers after likewise requiring the use of natural gas trucks rather than diesel. The City felt that this change would be ultimately better for the environment. ~o