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Rifle Soil Series (continued) 5YR, values of 2 to 5 and chroma of 1 to 5. Colors become darker upon brief exposure to air. Rubbed colors have about the same range in the colors of broken faces, but in some pedons they differ by 0.5 to 1 unit in chroma or value or both. The lighter colors are generally those of materials that contain more fiber. The layers in the subsurface and bottom tier are commonly massive, but in some pedons they have weak thick platy structure. The materials are dominantly of hemic material. In some pedons, layers of fibric or sapric materials are within the subsurface and bottom tier but total thickness of either material is less than 10 inches. Some pedons have limnic materials at depths of 51 inches or greater. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Mooselake soils in the same family and the closely related Carbondale, Carlisle, Greenwood and Houghton series. Mooselake soils have hemic material with mostly woody fiber. Carbondale soils have sapric material dominant in the subsurface tier, and more than 10 inches of hemic material dominant in the subsurface and bottom tiers. Carlisle and Houghton soils have sapric material dominant in the subsurface tier and are mesic. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Rifle soils are in bogs and depressional areas within ground moraines, end moraines, outwash plains, and lake plains. Slope gradients are less than 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 35 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 40 to 46 degrees F. The frost -free period is 90 to 150 days and the elevation ranges from 600 to 1,950 feet. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Cathro, Lupton, Markey soils and Carbondale soils. Cathro and Markey soils have loamy or sandy materials at depths of less than 51 inches. Lupton soils formed in woody materials. The soils on nearby uplands are commonly acid and have coarse and moderately coarse texture. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Very poorly drained. The seasonal high water table ranges from 1 foot above the surface to 1 foot below the surface from November to June. Surface runoff and internal drainage is very slow; permeability is moderately rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are primarily in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture. Principal vegetation is tamarack, black spruce, paper birch, balsam fir, black ash, and northern white - cedar. Ground cover is sphagnum moss, leather leaf, blueberry, and Labrador tea. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Wisconsin, and Washington. The series is of large extent. MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ogemaw County, Michigan, 1923. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in this pedon are: fibric material from the surface to 4 inches (Oil and 0i2 horizons); hemic material from 8 to 60 inches (Oel, 0e2, 0e3 and 0e4 horizons); aquic soil moisture regime. The Preserve Conservation Development - Restoration and Management Plan B -11