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Control of the Invasive Exotic Rhamnus cathartica in Temperate North American Prairies.. Page 8 of 11 Conclusion As extensive as the invasion of temperate forest communities by R. cathartica has been, it is clear that management techniques currently being employed by restoration practitioners and private citizens are capable of halting its further encroachment. The case of R. cathartica's invasion of native habitat is a testimony to the importance of addressing an exotic species in its initial stages of introduction, not after it has become well established. Much time and money can be saved. The potential for R. cathartica to significantly alter native plant community structure and function demands a concerted response. Accordingly, a combination of increased public awareness and greater allocation of funds are critical to the expansion of current restoration efforts. The future ecological integrity of temperate North American forests depends on it. References Aho, M. Sibley State Park Naturalist, New London, MN. Field interview 29 Sept. 2000. Apfelbaum, S.I. 1984. Buckthorn control with herbicide tested (Illinois). Restoration and Management Notes 2(1):36, Archibold, O. W., D. Brooks, and L. Delanoy. 1997. An investigation of the invasive shrub European Buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica L., near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Canadian Field Naturalist 111(4): 617 -621. Bohnen, J. University of Minnesota Arboretum Plant Community Restoration Manager, Chanhassen, MN. Field interview 13 Oct. 2000. Boudreau, D and G. Wilson. 1992. Buckthorn research and control at Pipestone National Monument. Restoration & Management Notes. 10: 94 -95. Converse, C. 1985. Element Stewardship Abstract, Rhamnus cathartica. The Nature Conservancy. Dziuk, P.M. 1998. "European (Common) Buckthorn ". Minnesota Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet. Gill, D.S. and E. Howell. 1984. Tree shrub seedling colonization of old fields in central New York. Ecological Monographs 61: 183 -205. Gleason, H.A., Crouquist, A. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 810 p. Gourley, L.C. and E. Howell. 1984. Factors in buckthorn invasion documented; control measure checked. Restoration & Management Notes 2:87. Haber, Erich. "Invasive Plants of Canada Project: Common buckthorn ". < http: / /infoweb .magi.com /- ehaberfactbck.html> National Botanical Services, Ottawa, ON Canada. April 1997. http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/00papers/gale.htm 2/15/01