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Control of the Invasive Exotic Rhamnus cathartica in Temperate North American Prairies.. Page 10 of 11 <br />Schmidt, K.A. and C.J. Whelan. 1999. Effects of exotic Lonicera and <br />Rhamnus on songbird nest predation. Conservation Biology 13(6): <br />1502 -1506. <br />Solecki, M.K. 1997. Controlling invasive plants. P. 135 -150. IN Packard, S. and C.F. Mutel (Eds). The <br />tallgrass restoration handbook. Island Press, Covelo, CA. <br />USGS 2000. "Species Abstracts of Highly Disruptive Exotic Plants ". <br /><http: / /www.npwrc.usgs.gov/ resource / orthrdata / exoticab /errirhab /piperham.lrtm >. (Accessed 13 Sep. 2000) <br />Zomlefer W.B. 1994. Guide to flowering plant families. P. 105 -107. University of North Carolina Press, <br />Chapel Hill, NC. <br />Table 1. Commonly used herbicides. Information provided by MNDNR 2000. <br />Product Name Active Ingredient Strength* Comments <br />Roundup <br />Glyphosate 18 -100% Nonselective. Will kill any vegetation <br />it contacts. Immediate application to <br />cut stump (within 24 hours) is <br />necessary. Dilute with water. <br />Practitioners have reported variable <br />efficacy at manufacturer recommended <br />dilutions (30 -50% strength). <br />Glyphosate degrades easily and is <br />relatively harmless to the environment. <br />Very little risk to user. Late fall <br />application, when most other plants <br />have gone dormant, assures negligible <br />impact on non - target plants. <br />Garcon 3A Triclopyr (44.4% amine salt) 8 -100% Applied to cut stumps. Dilute with <br />water. Negligible impact on <br />surrounding vegetation. User risk is <br />significant. Must wear protective eye <br />gear. Cost effective if applied to large <br />acreage. High efficacy. The <br />homeowner's version, Ortho's "Brush- <br />B -Gon ", is an 8% strength solution. <br />Garton 4 Triclopyr (61.6% ester) 12.5% early in Good for basal bark or cut stump <br />growing season, application. In the former case, entire <br />otherwise 20 %. circumference of basal 10 inches <br />(25.5cm) should be covered via low <br />pressure sprayer or brush. High <br />efficacy. Recommended solution <br />strengths are achieved via dilution with <br />diesel fuel. Does not have same user <br />risks as Garton 3A. Hot summer <br />weather may volatilize ester <br />component and consequently impact <br />http : / /www.hort. agri. umn.edu /h5015 /00papers /gale.htm 2/15/01 <br />• <br />• <br />