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WASHINGTON AND RAMSEY COUNTIES, MINNESOTA eQuipmant. Erosion is a problem on this soil. Diversions or grassed waterways may be needed to divert water from higher slopes and prevent erosion. This soil is well suited to building site development although slope is a moderate limitation. It is poorly suited to sanitary facilities due to scope and the rapid perme- ability in the underlying material. If buildings are designed to fit the site, the natural landscape can be preserved, less grading is required, and erosion and sedimentation are reduced. Erosion control may be needed, both during and immediately following construction. Sidewalls have poor stability and may cave in during excavation. This can be prevented with temporary retaining walls. Septic tank absorption fields function well in this soil because of the rapidly permeable underlying material, however, they must be specially designed to prevent pollution of ground water supplies. Ravagetation of dis- turbed areas is difficult. Additions of water and fertilizer are usually needed to keep lawns, trees, and shrubs growing vigorously..This soil is a good source of sand for construction. This soil is in capability subclass IVe and woodland suitability group 3s. 1550—Chetek sandy loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes. This hilly to steep soil is somewhat excessively drained. It is on crests and sides of hills on pitted outwash plains.. Delineations are irregular in shape and range from 5 to 40 acres. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is dark yellowish brown sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The underlying material is reddish brown sand and gravel. In some places the underlying material contains less than 15 percent coarse fragments. In places the sandy loam mantle is more than 20 or less than 12 inches thick. In other areas the slope is less than 12 percent or more than 25 percent. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Kingsley and Poskin soils. The Kingsley soils are well drained. They formed entirely in loamy glacial till, where- as the Chetek soil formed in a loamy mantle over sandy outwash. The Poskin soils are somewhat poorly drained and have a thick silty surface mantle underlain by gravel- ly sand. They occupy depressions. The Chetek soil has moderately rapid permeability in the sandy loam mantle and rapid permeability in the gravelly sand underlying material. Surface runoff is rapid to very rapid. Natural fertility, available water capacity, and organic matter content are low. Most areas of this soil are woodland or permanent pasture. Some isolated areas are cropland. This soil has poor potential for crops and fair to poor potential for pasture. It has fair potential for woodland. It has poor potential for sanitary facilities and fair potential as build- ing sites. This soil generally is not suited to crops because of steep slopes, the severe hazard of erosion, and low 37 available water capacity. It is too shallow to sand and gravel and slopes generally are too short and steep for striperopping or contouring. The use of the soil for pasture or hay is effective in controlling erosion, but yields are low due to the low available water capacity. Proper stocking will prevent weeds and the less desirable plant species from invad- ing the pastures. Rotation grazing, fertilization, and weed control are also good management practices. Over- grazed pastures can be helped by reseeding with more productive plant species. This soil erodes easily if over- grazed. This soil has fair suitability for trees. The hazard of erosion is severe. Furrow planting on the contour or planting in existing vegetation reduces erosion and helps to conserve moisture. Grassed waterways and diversions also help prevent erosion. This soil is suited to building site development, al- though slope is a severe limitation. It is poorly suited to most sanitary facilities. Erosion needs to be controlled both during and immediately following construction. If buildings are designed to fit the site, the natural land- scape can be preserved, less grading is required, and erosion and sedimentation are reduced. Sidewalls of the underlying material have poor stability and may cave in. This can be prevented with temporary retaining walls. This soil is poorly suited to septic tank absorption fields because of steep slopes and rapid permeability, which may cause the pollution of ground water, lawns and gardens need repeated watering and fertilizing to grow vigorously. A loamy topdressing may be desirable before establishing lawns. This soil is a good source of sand for construction. Consideration should be given to, this resource before developing the soil for other uses. This soil is in capability subclass As and woodland suitability group 3f. 1583—Zimmerman loamy fine sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes. This level to gently sloping soil is excessively drained. It occupies convex knolls and side slopes on outwash plains and lake plains. Individual areas are irreg- ular in shape and range from 5 to 60 acres. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown loamy fine sand about 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer is grayish brown loamy fine sand about 6 inches thick. The underlying layers are stratified light yellowish brown to dark brown fine sand and thin, discontinuous bands of dark brown loamy fine sand 1/4 to 1 inch thick. Above a depth of 60 inches these bands typically have an aggregate thickness of less than 6 inches. In some delineations these bands have a thickness of more than 6 inches or there are no bands. Strata of medium and coarse sands are in some small areas. In other areas slope is more than 6 percent. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of moderately well drained Lino Variant soils in lower posi- tions on the landscape. Somewhat poorly drained Lino soils and very poorly drained Isanti soils occur in depres- sions and drainageways.