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j) Is there an escape valve for uses which do not contribute to the identified skid row effects? A full record of a well-researched investigation into the problems of blight, actual or potential confronting a city appears to be a prerequisite to ensuring that any regulatory scheme eventually adopted will be upheld against such scrutiny. Similarly, the city council must be prepared to justify whatever adult entertainment regulations it enacts on the basis of clear findings supported by the evidence produced through your hearings. A city such as ours cannot simply import regulatory techniques from another community without engaging in some extended identification of the valid public interests to be served by such controls. • • 3. Licensing An alternative or supplemental approach to regulating adult entertainment activities is licensing. Licensing is favored in certain situations because ' it affords a potentially broader range of considerations related to a particular type of use to be addressed. While zoning is designed to focus on the effects of the use on the surrounding areas, licensing is a vehicle for addressing the manner in which the business is conducted and the • qualifications of those who engage in the enterprise. It is a particularly effective technique where the activity to be regulated is a relatively new one or where there is reason to suspect that the real character of a business is different than its professed activity. Would--be massage parlors or "escort" services which in fact engage in prostitution, or pawn shops which in fact traffic in stolen gccds are but a few examples of activities which seen particularly suited to regulation by licensing. The licensing approach can use standards and requirements that simply do not fit into zoning techniques. They can ensure that the applicant really is engaged in a legitimate business activity. As noted in the case of locational zoning techniques discussed above, the Supreme Court has approved treating adult uses differently than other uses. Courts therefore will also approve different treatment in licensing and permit schemes. As in the case of zoning, however, such different treatment must be supported by a substantial reason, ie. to protect against the secondary effects of such uses. Courts have upheld special licensing and permit requirements for adult uses on the grounds that they further (1) the enforcement of legitimate locational and distancing requirements;; (2) the monitoring of adult uses in regard to their secondary effects,. and (3) the interest in ensuring that adult uses do not violate criminal laws against prostitution, obscenity, etc. Licensing and special use permit requirements which affect protected forms of speech will be held valid only where the regulation provides narrow, objective and definite standards to guide the decisions of admi ii stratcrs. Guidelines and standards must be clear enough to safeguard against arbitrary and capricious action by the official responsible Aik for granting or denyinr, the permit. Standards may address only the operational, or secondary effects of adult businesses. A decision to deny a special permit to an adult business cannot be based on the content of the material offered by the business. Additional care must be taken in identifying the special secondary effects of a licensed adult use, where similar other commercial-retail uses are not subject to the license requirement. Typical conditions include regulations which permit inquiry into