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• Vehicle characteristics affecting pavement damage include axle loads (greatest effect), inequalities in load sharing on tandem axles, axle spacing, tire inflation pressure, tire configuration • Road characteristics affecting pavement damage include current pavement condition, existing roughness (a road with a PSI of 2.5 is damaged at rate 50% greater than a road with a PSI of 4.0), and high temperatures (rutting can increase by a factor of 16 when pavement temperatures increase from 77 to 120 °F) RPI Consulting, Rio Blanco County, Colorado (9) Rio Blanco County commissioned a study by RPI Consulting, which was completed in 2008, to study the impacts of trucks on their county roads, and to determine an appropriate fee for new truck loads that were not anticipated when the road was designed and constructed. This analysis was directed at all aspects of truck traffic, and other causes of increased traffic loading, such as the gas and oil industry, residential and industrial developments, and others. In 2001, the Colorado state legislature provided counties with the legal authority to assess impact fees to new development, in order to help fund capital facilities related to those new developments. The impact fee is based on the computed ESALs produced (or expected to be produced) by the development. The consultant determined that $9.07 per ESAL is the total damage to the road system and other aspects of the transportation infrastructure. Based on typical number of truck loads, the impact fee schedule reduced this to a fee per unit, as follows. Table 1. Rio Blanco Road Impact Fee Schedule. Development Type Road impact Fee Residential (per housing unit) Single Family $600 Multi -family $400 Non -Residential (per 1000 sf of floor area) Shopping Center $6,500 Office/Institutional $1,700 General Commercial $1,900 Mixed Industrial $1,000 Warehousing $800 Manufacturing $600 Gas or Oil Well $17,700 (per well) Much of the remainder of the report is devoted to the methodology for estimating the amount and type of traffic expected for each development type. Rufolo, Cascade Policy Institute, 1995 (10) In 1995, Anthony Rufolo produced a "Policy Perspective" on Cost -Based Road Taxation. The following are excerpts from this three -page paper.