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For garbage, the first two (2) categories for "No program" and "Drop off only" are not applicable for this report. The categories across the table from "Municipal" through "One private hauler" would be categorized as organized in Minnesota terminology except for "Multiple licensed hauler" which would be open. This equates to a total of 72.1% of the over 700 cities and counties classified as organized. The "Multiple licensed hauler" and "Multiple haulers w/private competition" would be classified as open and these total 23.2% of the over 700 cities and counties responding. For recycling, the same approach to a breakdown leads to a total of 66.8% organized cities and counties and a total of 11.6% open (there were a total of 21.2% of the respondents with no recycling or a drop off system only). 2.2.2.2 Fort Collins, Colorado In July, 2008, the R3 Consulting Group, Inc. presented a study titled "Trash Services Study Final Report to the City of Fort Collins, CO."4 Section 4 of the report included a review of collection system structures. The report provided data on a survey conducted on 271 municipal jurisdictions in Colorado. Of the 222 respondents, 47 (21%) provide municipal collection, 44 (20%) contract for service, and 131 (59%) use private haulers in an open system. This study also reported that a 1997 survey of residential collection in the 100 largest cities in the U.S. found that exclusive municipal service was provided in 62% of the cities. An exclusive private contractor was used in 18% for a total of 80% organized via either municipal or contract collection. Only 6% of the cities had open systems with 15% having some combination of the systems. 2.2.2.3 Portland, Oregon The city of Portland, Oregon changed from an open solid waste and open recycling system to an organized "franchise" system in 1990/1991. The City's curbside recycling program was initiated in June 1987 but was not attaining City, Metro and State goals for participation and recovery rates. After thorough research and planning, the City determined that other curbside recycling programs in the U.S. have achieved substantially higher public participation rates and materials recovery levels by providing weekly recycling collection, household recycling containers, economic incentives to recycle in the garbage rate structure, and organized collection within neighborhoods. The City determined that the most efficient and cost effective method of making systematic improvements was to "franchise" residential garbage, recycling and yard debris collection; and establish standards for commercial garbage and recycling collection. The City Council then adopted on September 19, 1990 a new ordinance (No. 163497) that locked in each hauler's number of residential accounts (i.e., collection market size) as of September 30, 1990 as certified by City examination and subsequent audits. 4 "Trash Services Study Final Report." July 2008. R3 Consulting Group, Inc. Fort Collins, CO. 10 •Foth Infrastructure & Environment, LLC R - Analysis of Waste Collection Service Arrangements.doc June 2009