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Iron mid manpnnesr hrnrinp waters mnv impnrt A dimagree- <br />nl.le rolrr or tmate to hever.,Rrc and may form A dark depcalt <br />.,it veget Ablem during rocking,. (4) <br />A, ilntrr rnnlllning lrnn And Ia.,ngAnr Ae Im ummiitmble for mAnV <br />Indnetrlal pr,,resaeA Inclnding pA,,er mnnufncturin R, dyeing, <br />blcnrbing, and film developing,. (5)(6) <br />Iron And mangnarce typically exist In prnundwnter am soluble ferrous <br />(Fe+2) And mAiipanoum (Mn+2) mAltm: Fe (II(703)2, FeSnt„ FeC12, <br />Mn(II(:113)2, IlnSnt„ and MnC12 (3)(4)(5)(7). If the grmindwater Im <br />exposed to an oxidizing Agent, the soluble ferrnum and mangannus <br />rampoinida will be oxidized to their Incnluhle ferric (Fe43) And <br />mniignnlc (Mot(') f(irma: Fe(nil), and Mnn2 (3)tr0(5)(7). Cnnmequent- <br />Iv, one commis method of removing, Iron and mnnpnnrse from ground- <br />water Is to oxldixe the Iron and mangmiese to their Insoluble <br />fnrmm And then remove the prerlrltntes by filtration (3)(5). ()ri- <br />dniton la generally arrompl Imbed by nernt lun or by addition of an <br />nxidlzlnR Agent such am chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or potamatum <br />permanganate (5). <br />Trlhnlomethanrm <br />Recaume chlorine IA A potent oxldlzlnp Agent which rapidly deacti- <br />vntes virnsrs and bacteria, it hna been widely nsed AA a drinking <br />enter disinfectint since the early 190n's (3). Unfortunately, <br />ciiivl lue al.0 ha. lice I,j.wel try :,.mh InF with A variety of nrgxu a.c, <br />and it la thew side renctionm which complicate the time of chlot- <br />Ine for disinfrrtlon (R)(9)(In)(II)(12)(13). The chlorinated <br />orpmnlrs formed In the hlRhest convent rations a�e A group of <br />enmpoiuci,. k�l. :rlt.,.rt,.�ly as rrlhnlnmrthAnec W(11)02)01 ) <br />(IS). Production of these trihalometlianes (TIM's) in drinking <br />water tins been of concern recently berause of pntentlAl health <br />hazards (8)(15)(16). The National C.Anrer institute has Mated <br />chloroform as n cnrrinoRen, and It is suspected that other TIIM's <br />MAY Alar be rarrinopenle (14)(15). Consequently, the United <br />Statrs rnvlronmental Protection Agencv (F.PA) has established a <br />limit of loo ng./l. for the total TIIM crmcentratlnn At the end of <br />the distrlhution system; i.e., at the ronmumer'c tAp (14). <br />Numerous remearrhers have shown that TIIM's Ire essenttmlly Absent in <br />natural waters tint Ire nearly Alwava present In chlorinated water <br />aupplirc (9)(il)(I i)(I 7)(iR). Furthermore, it 14 Rrr.erally Agreed <br />that TlAls Are formed by the reaction of chlorine with organic pre- <br />rurmora, particulnrly humlr 911I1mtanr.em, In the water (9)(11)(12)(11) <br />Thus, since groundwater im nnrmAlly much lower to orgAnics <br />than in aurf.1re water, water stirplles with prnnndwAter anurrem are <br />umnAlly lower In halogrnAted orgAnlcs (15)(19). <br />Sen c and Ob rclivem <br />The City of RrnnkingA, South nnkntn, obtAlnm ItA water supply entirely <br />frtlm groundwater arxtrees. RerAilme the raw wAtrr generally has Iron <br />i The four Anal common trIbAlomrtb.nnrc Are chloroform (CIIC13), <br />hrowdlrbinrnmethane (CIIRrC12), dlhromochloromethAne (CIIAr2C.1), And <br />hrrooform Mlltr)). <br />184 <br />