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Increased User Costs . <br /> • Increased travel time, reduced street network availability and capacity. <br /> • Increased pavement roughness. <br /> • Increased vehicle maintenance and fuel costs. <br /> Economics <br /> • Loss of access and trade to local businesses. <br /> Safety Considerations <br /> • Increased vulnerability to accidents for workers, pedestrians, and motorists. <br /> Environmental Impacts <br /> • Increased noise and air pollution from idling vehicles. <br /> • Increased construction material disposal. <br /> • Increased visual intrusion. <br /> Courtesy: City of Austin and Dr. Raymond L. Sterling, University of Minnesota, Indirect Costs of Utility Placement <br /> and Repair Beneath Streets, August 1994. <br />