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8 in Ontario was also associated with a significant reduction in menthol cigarette sales and total cigarette sales.34 In the U.S., several surveys have asked menthol smokers about their planned behavior should a hypothetical menthol cigarette ban be implemented, and they have consistently found even more encouraging pre-implementation results as compared to findings from Ontario. In one longitudinal study using data from 2011 – 2016, 24% of young adult smokers said they would quit menthol cigarettes. This response did not vary greatly across time and African Americans, females, and those with less than a high school education were more likely to report the intention to quit smoking. However, there was a significant increase in respondents who said they would switch to another tobacco product if menthol cigarettes were no longer available, from 7% in 2011 to 13% in 2016.35 Of the cross-sectional surveys predicting the impact of a menthol cigarette ban, a 2010 study with adolescent and adult smokers found that 35% of menthol smokers reported that they would quit smoking and 25% reported that they “would find a way to buy a menthol brand”.36 In a 2011 study of young adults, ages 18 – 34, 66% of menthol cigarette smokers reported the intention to quit smoking, 18% of respondents reported that they would switch to non-menthol cigarettes, and 16%said they would switch to some other tobacco product. Intention to quit was most prevalent among African American menthol smokers (79%) and intention to switch to some other tobacco product was more prevalent among menthol smokers who also reported currently using another tobacco product (35%).37 To examine the impact a menthol cigarette ban may have on future smoking prevalence and tobacco caused deaths in the U.S, another study used simulation modeling. Under different scenarios assuming that 10%, 20%, or 30% of smokers would quit in the event of a menthol cigarette ban, researchers found that overall smoking prevalence would decrease by 4 – 10% (9% – 25% among African Americans) and between 323,000 and 633,000 deaths would be avoided in the United States over a 40 year period (2011 – 2050), with almost one third of lives saved being African American.38 Finally, some research has examined the effect of other tobacco control policies on menthol cigarette use. One study using Nielsen Homescan Data, a dataset where a national panel of households scan their cigarette purchases, explored the impact of taxes and public smoking restrictions on menthol cigarette smoking and found that neither higher prices nor public smoking restrictions increase the likelihood of quitting among menthol smokers.39 Notably, much of the menthol cigarette policy research found in our literature search was conducted prior to the rise of e-cigarettes in the United States and before JUUL went to market. While there is still a gap in the literature with regard to the number of US consumers who might switch to menthol e-cigarettes in light of a ban on combustible menthol cigarettes and with regard to the consumer response to a ban on all menthol tobacco products, it is clear that bans on menthol cigarettes would result in higher rates of quitting among smokers, particularly African American smokers in the United States who are disproportionately affected by menthol cigarettes. Furthermore, the evidence shows that existing tobacco control policies, such as increased tobacco taxes and public smoking restrictions, are not sufficient in reducing menthol cigarette use. Cigar Flavor Ban or Restriction The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a national longitudinal study of tobacco use, was used to model the potential public health benefits of a hypothetical national ban of flavored cigars by extending the known benefits of local and state policies to the nation. The authors indicate a national law equaling the net effectiveness of the local and state policies would prevent 15% of premature deaths from exclusive and regular cigar smoking and reduce