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adult uses.." It is stipulated that each type of adult use is considered to be a single use and that no two adult uses may locate in a single building but must conform to the relevant spacing requirement (2640 feet Illp in B-3, I-1 and I-2 zones; 1320 feet in B-4 and B-5 zones) . In contrast, the existing Zoning Code considers multi-function adult businesses as a single adult use. RATIONALE: Studies in numerous cities have concluded that concentrations of adult uses have harmful land use impacts. In 1972, Detroit determined that concentrations involving sex-related businesses contribute to a "skid row" effect (40-Acre Study, p. 3) . The City of Phoenix determined that a study area with one of the city's highest concentrations of adult businesses had a sex crime rate over 11 times as large as a similar area having no adult businesses (40-Acre Study, p. 15) . In Saint Paul, a study done in 1978 examined both alcohol-related and sex-related adult businesses and concluded that significantly higher crime rates are associated with two such businesses in an area, and significantly lower property values are associated with three such businesses in an area (40-Acre Study, p. 17) . Moreover, the 1987 40- Acre Study contains statistics showing that most prostitution arrests in the city occur within four blocks on either side of the concentration of four adult businesses at the University-Dale intersection. Other problems experienced by this neighborhood include a generally high crime rate, the propositioning and harassment of neighborhood women, and a general perception that the University-Dale area is an unsafe place due to the concentration of adult entertainment that exists there (40-Acre Study, pp. 19-23) . Finally, Saint Paul's experience with redevelopment planning highlights the problems created by concentrations of adult uses in the city. In the early 1980's, there were two concentrations of adult uses in Saint Paul, one in the North Wabasha area of downtown and one at University and Dale. The North Wabasha concentration was determined to be a blighting influence inhibiting development between the downtown core and the capitol. The City's acquisition of the adult businesses in this area led to significant new development, including the World Trade Center and the expansion of the Saint Paul Center shopping complex. Similarly, it is- expected that the City's current plans to acquire key - adult businesses at University and Dale will lead to beneficial new development in that neighborhood. There is also considerable evidence that multi-functional adult entertainment complexes can be the equivalent of concentrations of adult uses. Saint Paul's 1987 40-Acre Study of adult entertainment warns that a single, large adult entertainment complex at the University-Dale intersection could create the same conditions as those created by the existing concentration of adult businesses in the neighborhood (40-Acre Study, p. 29) . Two considerations reinforce this warning. First, there are already two multi-functional adult businesses at the University-Dale intersection. It has historically been the case that residents of the University-Dale neighborhood perceive these businesses to be a greater land use problem than the two single-function adult 6