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2 City ordinance § 91.45 provides that the animal control authority shall immediately seize any dangerous dog if: (A) The owner does not appeal the Police Chief’s order within the appeal period. (B) The dog is not destroyed or permanently removed from the city within 5 calendar days after the City Council has denied an appeal. The ordinance provides that “[p]olice officers or others designated by the City Manager will enforce” the ordinance. St. Anthony Mun. Code § 91.39. It further provides that the animal control authority shall immediately seize any dangerous dog if (1) the appeal period for the designation has passed, or (2) the dog is not destroyed or permanently removed within five calendar days after the City Council has denied an appeal. St. Anthony Mun. Code § 91.45. The St. Anthony dangerous dog ordinance differs from the state dangerous dogs statute and other city ordinances that we reviewed in that it prohibits any keeping of dangerous dogs in the city, rather than allowing them to be kept under strict requirements relating to registration, housing, insurance, and sterilization. To this end, the St. Anthony ordinance provides for the immediate seizure of any dangerous dog if the owner does not appeal the designation, or within five days if the owner’s appeal is denied. As discussed below, the state law provides for immediate seizure of dangerous dogs in some circumstances, but allows them to be present in the jurisdiction if properly registered and kept under the law. III. State Dangerous Dogs Law Minn. Stat. §§ 345.50-565 sets forth a detailed framework for designating and regulating dangerous dogs in Minnesota. Significantly, the statute requires that “Sections 347.50 to 347.56 must be enforced by animal control authorities or law enforcement agencies, whether or not these sections have been adopted into local ordinance.” (Emphasis added). A. Definition of Dangerous Dog State law defines a “dangerous dog” as a dog that: 1) without provocation, inflicted substantial bodily harm on a human being on public or private property; (2) killed a domestic animal without provocation while off the owner’s property; or (3) been found to be potentially dangerous, and after the owner has notice that the dog is potentially dangerous, the dog aggressively bites, attacks, or endangers the safety of humans or domestic animals. Minn. Stat. § 347.50, subd. 2. There are exemptions from this definition for law enforcement dogs used for police work, Minn. Stat. § 347.51, subd. 4, and a dog cannot be designated as dangerous if the threat or injury it caused was to a person who was trespassing, committing a crime, or provoking or tormenting the dog. Minn. Stat. § 347.51, subd. 5. A “potentially dangerous dog” is any dog that: (1) when unprovoked, inflicts bites on a human or domestic animal on public or private property; (2) when unprovoked, chases or approaches a person, including a person on a bicycle, upon the streets, sidewalks, or any public or private property, other than the dog owner’s property, in an apparent attitude of attack; or (3) has a known propensity, tendency, or disposition to attack unprovoked, causing injury or otherwise threatening the safety of humans or domestic animals